Jump to content

1050s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 1050s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1050, and ended on December 31, 1059.

Events

1050

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Africa
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1051

By place

[edit]
Continental Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
  • Eustace II, count of Boulogne, visits England and is received with honour at the court by King Edward the Confessor. In Dover a fight breaks out between the Norman visitors and the locals, resulting in the deaths of several people. Edward blames the people of Dover and orders Godwin, earl of Wessex, to deal with them. Godwin refuses to obey Edward's order, and in response Edward raises an army and forces the Godwin family into exile.
  • Edward the Confessor invites William of Normandy to England. It is at this point that it is thought that Edward promises the English throne to William in the event of his death.[19]
  • Heregeld, commonly known as Danegeld, is abolished by Edward the Confessor. It has been collected for many years to provide funds for defending the country from Viking raiders.[20]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1052

By place

[edit]
England
[edit]
Africa
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1053

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • End of the Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos makes peace with the Pechenegs. However, Pecheneg raids do not cease; they not only damage the economy by plundering, but Constantine is also forced to buy protection or peace from them by gifts, land grants, privileges and titles.[23]
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1054

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.[24]
Europe
[edit]
Scotland
[edit]
Africa
[edit]
  • The Almoravids retake the trading center of Aoudaghost from the Ghana Empire. Repeated Almoravid incursions, aimed at seizing control of the trans-Saharan gold trade, disrupt Ghana's dominance of the trade routes.[25]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Astronomy
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1055

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
Arabian Empire
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Architecture
[edit]
  • Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is completed (the tallest pagoda in Chinese history, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall).
Religion
[edit]

1056

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
Northern Africa
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1057

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • June 8 – General Isaac Komnenos proclaims himself emperor in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey), and starts a civil war against Emperor Michael VI. He advances with a Byzantine expeditionary force towards Constantinople. At the same time, Michael sends an army against the rebels – western regiments and eastern ones (those from the Anatolic Theme and Charsianon) – to stop him.[37]
  • August 20Battle of Hades: Rebel forces under Isaac Komnenos defeat the Byzantines on the plains of Hades (near Nicaea). General Katakalon Kekaumenos routs the imperial right flank, and reaches the enemy's camp. He destroys the tents and supplies, which leaves the way open to Constantinople.
  • September 1 – A riot in favor of Isaac Komnenos breaks out in Constantinople. Patriarch Michael I convinces Michael VI to abdicate the throne, and Isaac is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
Europe
[edit]
Africa
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1058

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Africa
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1059

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Seljuk Empire
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

Significant people

[edit]

Births

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

Deaths

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Derry, T. K. (2000) [1979]. History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780816637997.
  2. ^ Hubbard, Ben (2016). Viking Warriors. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 80. ISBN 9781502624550.
  3. ^ Publishing, Britannica Educational (2014). Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. The Britannica Guide to Countries of the European Union. New York: Britanncia Educational Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 9781615309955.
  4. ^ "Sweden Time Line Chronological Timetable of Events - Worldatlas.com". www.worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
  5. ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (2010). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781108015035.
  6. ^ Klieforth, Alexander Leslie; Munro, Robert John (2004). The Scottish Invention of America, Democracy and Human Rights: A History of Liberty and Freedom from the Ancient Celts to the New Millennium. Dallas, Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford: University Press of America. p. 114. ISBN 9780761827917.
  7. ^ Huscroft, Richard (2013) [2009]. The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781317866275.
  8. ^ Rough Guides (2008). The Rough Guide to West Africa (Fifth ed.). London, New York and New Delhi: Rough Guides UK. ISBN 9781405380683.
  9. ^ Moniot, Henri (December 1970). "Fouilles à Tegdaoust". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 25 (6): 1740–1741. doi:10.1017/S0395264900159311. ISSN 0395-2649. S2CID 191878417.
  10. ^ Mauny, R. A. (1954). "The Question of Ghana". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 24 (3): 200–213. doi:10.2307/1156424. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1156424. S2CID 143619637.
  11. ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
  12. ^ Insley, Charles (2011). "Remembering Communities Past: Exeter Cathedral in the Eleventh Century". In Dalton, Paul; Insley, Charles; Wilkinson, Louise J. (eds.). Cathedrals, Communities and Conflict in the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781843836209.
  13. ^ Iversen, Gunilla (2000). "Transforming a Viking into a Saint: The Divine Office of St. Olav". In Fassler, Margot E.; Baltzer, Rebecca A. (eds.). The Divine Office in the Latin Middle Ages: Methodology and Source Studies, Regional Developments, Hagiography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 9780195352382.
  14. ^ Clayton, Mary (2003). The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne and Sydney: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521531153.
  15. ^ Evans, Jeff (2011). Oliver, Garrett (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 831. ISBN 9780199912100.
  16. ^ Wells, Mike (2016-12-14). "Dark beer and dumplings in Bavaria: a visit to the world's oldest monastic brewery". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
  17. ^ Eames, Andrew (16 September 2016). "Move Over Oktoberfest: an Alternative Beer Pilgrimage in Bavaria". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  18. ^ Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty, pp. 106–108.
  19. ^ "The death of Edward the Confessor and the conflicting claims to the English Crown - History of government". history.blog.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  20. ^ Peterson, Bruce (1962). "The Danegeld and Its Effect on the Development of Property Law".
  21. ^ "Hilarion Of Kiev | Russian Orthodox metropolitan | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  22. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 53.
  23. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  24. ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 125. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
  25. ^ Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York: Marcus Weiner Press. ISBN 1-55876-241-8. First published in 1981.
  26. ^ "Journal of Astronomy", part 9, chapter 56 of History of Song, first printing 1340; facsimile on frontispiece of Misner, Thorne, Wheeler Gravitation, 1973.
  27. ^ "Crab Nebula". NASA. July 12, 2016.
  28. ^ Whalen, Brett Whalen (2009). Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, p. 24 (Harvard University Press).
  29. ^ "Donation of Constantine". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
  30. ^ Migne, Jacques-Paul (1891). Patrologia Latina. Volume 143 (cxliii). Col. 744–769.
  31. ^ Mansi, Giovanni Domenico. Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio. Volume 19 (xix). Col. 635–656.
  32. ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  33. ^ MacLean, Mark (1999). "History of Ireleth and Askam-in-Furness". Bruderlin MacLean Publishing Services. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  34. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – Michael the Aged, p. 327. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  35. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV – Part II (c. 1024–c. 1198), p. 50. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
  36. ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology, p. 217. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
  37. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – Isaac Komnenos on the March, p. 329. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  38. ^ Douglas, David C. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England, pp. 72–73. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  39. ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  40. ^ a b Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780810874978.
  41. ^ "Bolesław II - king of Poland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  42. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The choice of a Successor, p. 336. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  43. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 279. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  44. ^ The Normans in Europe, Ed. & Trans. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), pp. 236–37.
  45. ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 127. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
  46. ^ Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2010). Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. I: Aachen, Siege of - Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9780195334036.
  47. ^ Robinson, I. S. (2003). Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780521545907.
  48. ^ Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2013). Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.). Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 319. ISBN 9781136775192.
  49. ^ Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von; de La Martinière, Germain Pichault (1764). Sayer, Joseph (ed.). An Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe. Vol. II. London: A. Wilde. p. 1.
  50. ^ Schelbert, Leo (2007). Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 53. Lanham, MD, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 391. ISBN 9780810864474.
  51. ^ Baumhögger, Goswin G. T. (2017). König Knoblauch: Ein Leben im elften Jahrhundert (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 624. ISBN 9783738654264.
  52. ^ McPherson, Anne (2001). "Chapter 8: Saint-Bernard-de-Comminges". Walking to the Saints: A Little Pilgrimage in France. New York and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. pp. 133. ISBN 9780809140183.
  53. ^ Pilloix, Oriane (2016-07-01). "Les parties romanes de l'ancienne cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne)". dante.univ-tlse2.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  54. ^ Deuffic, Jean-Luc (13 September 2012). "Des Heures ... et des armes. Bertrand de Tourzel et Isabelle de Lévis : un couple mécène". Pecia (in French). 14: 295–330. doi:10.1484/J.PECIA.1.102649.
  55. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 47. ISBN 9780806313672.
  56. ^ "Old Folks". mathcs.clarku.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  57. ^ Kraxel, Sepp (2019). Ladakh plus: Reise- und Kulturführer über Ladakh und die angrenzenden Himalaja-Regionen Changthang, Nubra, Purig, Zanskar sowie Kullu (Manali), Lahaul und Spiti mit Stadtführer Delhi (in German). Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 24. ISBN 9783748178590.
  58. ^ "Likir Monastery Adventure Tours". Journeys International. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  59. ^ Choy, Eric; Cheng, Maria; Tang, Wai Hung (2018). "Chapter 5: Landscape Painting". Essential Terms of Chinese Painting. Hong Kong: City University of HK Press. p. 117. ISBN 9789629371883.
  60. ^ Harrist, Robert E.; Li, Kung-Lin (1998). Painting and Private Life in Eleventh-century China: Mountain Villa by Li Gonglin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780691016092.
  61. ^ Edwards, Richard (2011). The Heart of Ma Yuan: The Search for a Southern Song Aesthetic. Aberdeen and Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9789888028658.
  62. ^ de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández (1983). Batallas y quinquagenas (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. p. 36. ISBN 9788460033004.
  63. ^ Lawler, Jennifer (2004). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 209. ISBN 9780786415205.
  64. ^ al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAlī Ibn; al-Jawzi, Ibn (2016). Qutbuddin, Tahera; Fowden, Garth (eds.). The Life of Ibn Hanbal. Translated by Cooperson, Michael. New York: New York University Press. p. 323. ISBN 9781479805303.
  65. ^ Duffy, Sean (2017). "Ua Briain, Muirchertach (1050 - 1119)". In Duffy, Sean (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 459. ISBN 9781351666176.
  66. ^ Williams, Patricia (2012). Historical Texts from Medieval Wales. London: The Modern Humanities Research Association. p. 151. ISBN 9781907322600.
  67. ^ "Olav III Kyrre of Norway f. 1050 Norge d. 22 Sep 1093 Håkeby, Tanum, Västra Götaland, Sverige". www.oddmarthinsen.no. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  68. ^ Eales, Richard; Sharpe, Richard (1995). "Chapter 3: The Life and Writings of Osbern of Canterbury". Canterbury and the Norman Conquest: Churches, Saints and Scholars, 1066-1109. London and Rio Grande: A&C Black. p. 27. ISBN 9781852850685.
  69. ^ Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Amsterdam and Zurich: Foreign Media Group. ISBN 9781601360007.
  70. ^ Goldstein, M. B. (2013). "Chapter 42". The Newest Testament: A Secular Bible. Bloomington, IN: Archway Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 9781480801561.
  71. ^ "Sophia of Hungary b. Abt 1050 d. 18 Jun 1095: NH genealogy". nielsenhayden.com. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  72. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 205. ISBN 9780806313672.
  73. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010) [1996]. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. Toronto, Buffalo, NY and London: University of Toronto Press. p. 883. ISBN 9781442698796.
  74. ^ D-Vasilescu, Elena Ene (2018). Heavenly Sustenance in Patristic Texts and Byzantine Iconography: Nourished by the Word. New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture. New York: Springer. p. 76. ISBN 9783319989860.
  75. ^ "Mi Fu | Chinese artist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  76. ^ Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780195334036.
  77. ^ "Vladimir II Monomakh - grand prince of Kiev". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  78. ^ Persson, Bjarne (2017). Alla vägar bär till Rom: 75 generationer från von Wachenfeldt och Uggla till Lucius Julius Libo I av Romarriket (in Swedish). Stockholm and Norderstedt: BoD - Books on Demand. p. 80. ISBN 9789176992593.
  79. ^ Orthodox Life. Vol. 51–52. Holy Trinity Monastery. 2001.
  80. ^ Pryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780521563505.
  81. ^ Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781107608641.
  82. ^ Barlow, Frank (1984). Edward the Confessor. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780520053199.
  83. ^ Oldfield, Paul (2014). Sanctity and Pilgrimage in Medieval Southern Italy, 1000-1200. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781107000285.
  84. ^ Loud, G. A. (2007). The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 565. ISBN 9781107320000.
  85. ^ Fraja, Valeria De (2017). "Joachim the Abbot: Monastic Reform and the Foundation of the Florensian Order". In Riedl, Matthias (ed.). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 75. Brill. pp. 109–143. doi:10.1163/9789004339668_006. ISBN 9789004339668. all the abbots of the Norman-Suevian period and of the first Angevin age, from the founder Alferius (†1050)
  86. ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 9781476604114.
  87. ^ Holman, Katherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 11. Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780810865891.
  88. ^ Talvio, Tuukka (1979). "Notes on Three Sigtuna Moneyers". The Numismatic Chronicle. 19 (139): 221–225. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42667047.
  89. ^ Robison, William B. (2017). History, Fiction, and The Tudors: Sex, Politics, Power, and Artistic License in the Showtime Television Series. New York: Springer. p. 378. ISBN 9781137438836.
  90. ^ Mariana, Juan de (1818). Historia General de España (in Spanish). Vol. VI. Madrid: L. Núñez de Vargas. p. 22.
  91. ^ Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Vol. I. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
  92. ^ Venning, Timothy; Harris, Jonathan (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. New York: Springer. p. 375. ISBN 9780230505865.
  93. ^ Mărculeţ, Vasile (2017). "Aspecte ale guvernării themei Paristrion (Paradunavon) in secolul al XI-lea : guvernări asociate". Muzeul Național. 1 (29): 1–9. ISSN 1015-0323.
  94. ^ Anderson, Joseph; Hjaltalin, Jon A.; Goudie, Gilbert (2019). The Orkneyinga Saga. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. cxxvii. ISBN 9781108082242.
  95. ^ Waßenhoven, Dominik (2009). Skandinavier unterwegs in Europa (1000-1250): Untersuchungen zu Mobilität und Kulturtransfer auf prosopographischer Grundlage. Europa Im Mittelalter (in German). Vol. 8. Berlin: Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 172. ISBN 9783050048536.
  96. ^ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780810874978.
  97. ^ Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte (2010). When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in the Middle Ages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 104. ISBN 9789004192256.
  98. ^ Macy, Gary (2014-01-01). "The Medieval Inheritance". In Wandel, Lee Palmer (ed.). A Companion to the Eucharist in the Reformation. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 46. Brill. pp. 13–37. doi:10.1163/9789004260177_003. ISBN 9789004260177.
  99. ^ Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780520056749.
  100. ^ di Montecassino, Amato (2004). The History of the Normans. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781843830788.
  101. ^ Meyer, Mati (2006). "The Levite's Concubine: Imaging the Marginal Woman in Byzantine Society". Studies in Iconography. 27: 45–76. ISSN 0148-1029. JSTOR 23923693.
  102. ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 9780190253226.
  103. ^ Stark, Miriam T. (2004). "Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia". In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.). Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. London and New York: Psychology Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780415297776.
  104. ^ Arrowood, Janet (2006). Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Edison, NJ, Montreal and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 270. ISBN 9781588435200.
  105. ^ Goscha, Christopher E.; Ivarsson, Søren (2003). Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press. p. 5. ISBN 9788791114021.
  106. ^ Carr, Matthew (2018). The Savage Frontier: The Pyrenees in History and the Imagination. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781620974285.
  107. ^ Grifoll, Isabel (2017-01-01). "The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours". The Crown of Aragon: 125–149. doi:10.1163/9789004349612_006. ISBN 9789004349612.
  108. ^ Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Issues in Dermatology and Cosmetic Medicine: 2013 Edition. Atlanta, GA: ScholarlyEditions. p. 52. ISBN 9781490109114.
  109. ^ Jones, Barry (2016). Dictionary of World Biography (3rd ed.). Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 917. ISBN 9781760460105.
  110. ^ Woodacre, E. (2013). Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. New York: Springer. ISBN 9781137362834.
  111. ^ Zetterstéen, K. V. (1927). "Ḳarwās̲h̲". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume II: E–K. Leiden and London: E. J. Brill. pp. 781–782.
  112. ^ "Theodora - Byzantine empress [981-1056]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  113. ^ "Henry III - Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  114. ^ Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN 9780199693054.