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Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology

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Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology.

Before the Common Era (BCE)

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1900s BCE

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1500s BCE

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600s BCE

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200s BCE

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  • Thirteen Towers solar observatory, Chankillo, Peru
  • Antikythera Mechanism, a geared astronomical computer that calculates lunar and solar eclipses, the position of the Sun and the Moon the lunar phase (age of the moon), has several lunisolar calendars, including the Olympic Games calendar. It is at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece.[1]

100s BCE

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Common Era (CE)

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400s

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600s

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700s

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800s

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900s

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1000s

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1100s

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1200s

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1300s

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1400s

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1500s

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1600s

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1700s

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1800s

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1900s

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1910s

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1930s

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1940s

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1950s

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1960s

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1970s

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1980s

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1990s

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2000s

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  • 2001 – First light at the Keck Interferometer. Single-baseline operations begin in the near-infrared.
  • 2001 – First light at VLTI interferometry array. Operations on the interferometer start with single-baseline near-infrared observations with the 103 m baseline.
  • 2005 – First imaging with the VLTI using the AMBER optical aperture synthesis instrument and three VLT telescopes.
  • 2005 – First light at SALT, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a hexagonal primary mirror of 11.1 by 9.8 meters.
  • 2007 – First light at Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC), in Spain, the largest optical telescope in the world with an effective diameter of 10.4 meters.
  • 2021 — James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), was launched 25 December 2021 on an ESA Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana and will succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA's flagship mission in astrophysics.
  • 2023 — Euclid, was launched on 1 July 2023 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to study dark matter and energy.
  • 2023 — XRISM was launched on 6 September 2023 on a H-IIA rocket to study the formation of the universe and the dark matter.

Under Construction

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Planned

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; Bate, D.; Ramsey, A.; Allen, M.; Crawley, A.; Hockley, P.; Malzbender, T.; Gelb, D. (November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism". Nature. 444 (7119): 587–591. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998.
  2. ^ King, David A. (2002), "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 33 (112): 237–255 [237–8], Bibcode:2002JHA....33..237K, doi:10.1177/002182860203300302, S2CID 125329755
  3. ^ Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis, 53 (2): 237–239, doi:10.1086/349558
  4. ^ Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1985), "The Book of Bodies and Distances of Habash al-Hasib", Centaurus, 28 (2): 108–128 [112], Bibcode:1985Cent...28..108T, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1985.tb00831.x
  5. ^ Ronan, Colin (1983). The Cambridge illustrated history of the world's science. p. 214.
  6. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Al-Khujandi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  7. ^ Will Durant (1950). The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith, pp. 239–45.
  8. ^ John Brian Harley; David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis (1992). The History of Cartography: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–9. ISBN 0-226-31635-1.
  9. ^ Lorch, R. P. (1976), "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum", Centaurus, 20 (1): 11–34, Bibcode:1976Cent...20...11L, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x
  10. ^ "History of the sundial". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  11. ^ Jones, Lawrence (December 2005), "The Sundial And Geometry", North American Sundial Society, 12 (4)
  12. ^ Pedersen, Olaf (2010). A Survey of the Almagest. Springer. pp. 20. ISBN 978-0387848259.
  13. ^ a b Tekeli, Sevim (1997). "Taqi al-Din". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-4066-3.
  14. ^ A. Rupert Hall (1996). Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-521-56669-8.
  15. ^ Keenan, Philip C. (February 1, 1991). "The Earliest National Observatories in Latin America". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 22 (1): 21–30. Bibcode:1991JHA....22...21K. doi:10.1177/002182869102200104. S2CID 117712616.
  16. ^ Chronology of Science in the United States 1840–1849 (derived from Clark A. Elliott, History of Science in the United States: A Chronology and Research Guide – New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 34–177).
  17. ^ a b Spectrometers, ASTROLab of Mont-Mégantic National Park
  18. ^ J. B. Hearnshaw (1996-05-02). The Measurement of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Photometry. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-521-40393-1.
  19. ^ Khosroshai, Habib (1 May 2018). "Linking a noble past to future challenges". Nature Astronomy. 2 (5): 429. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..429K. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0465-5.
  20. ^ "Public Telescope: Erstes öffentliches Weltraumteleskop". astrofactum. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  21. ^ Lossau, Norbert (27 July 2014). "Weltraumteleskop für jedermann". Welt (in German). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  22. ^ Wiederer, Christian (February 2015). "The first public space telescope" (PDF). Popular Astronomy UK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  23. ^ "Vera C. Rubin Observatory". AURA Astronomy. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  24. ^ Wu, Katherine J. "For the First Time, a National U.S. Observatory Has Been Named for a Female Astronomer: Vera Rubin". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  25. ^ "What Does the Future of Astronomy Hold? We'll Find Out Soon". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 16 September 2020.