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910s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 910s decade ran from January 1, 910, to December 31, 919.

Events

910

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911

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  • A rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate occurs. The Kutama tribesmen were previously the main supporters of the Shia regime.[3]

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912

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Byzantine Empire
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Britain
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Arabian Empire
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China
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Religion
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913

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Byzantine Empire
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Arabian Empire
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  • Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.[15]

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Religion
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914

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Byzantine Empire
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  • January 24 – The Fatimid general, Hubasa ibn Yusuf of the Kutama Berber tribe, marches out with his troops to invade Egypt. He follows the coastline, and takes possession of the only two towns of any size Syrte and Ajdabiya, without a struggle. The garrisons of the two towns—the westernmost outposts of the Abbasid Caliphate—have already fled.[24]
  • February 6 – Hubasa takes Barqah (modern-day Benghazi), the ancient capital of Cyrenaica. The Abbasid governor withdraws to Egypt, before the superior strength of the Fatimids. With this rich, fertile province fallen into his hands, it provides Hubāsa with 24,000 gold dinars in annual revenues from taxes, as well as 15,000 dinars paid by Christians.[24]
  • July 11Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, son of the Fatimid caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, leaves Raqqada at the head of an army, which is composed of Kutama warriors and the Arab jund (personal guard) in an attempt to conquer Egypt. He sends orders to Hubāsa to wait for him, but driven by ambition Hubāsa is already on his way to Alexandria.[24]
  • August 27 – Hubasa captures Alexandria, after a victorious encounter with Egyptian troops near al-Hanniyya (modern-day El Alamein). The Abbasid governor Takin al-Khazari refuses to surrender and asks for reinforcements, which reach him in September. Shortly after al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah enters Alexandria, with the rest of his army.[24]
  • December – The Fatimid army under Hubasa leaves Alexandria, followed by al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. The Abbasid troops hold Fustat and begin a counter-offensive against the invaders. The Kutama cavalry suffers heavy losses to the Turkish archers.[24]
Arabian Empire
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Asia
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915

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Europe
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916

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Europe
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  • Sicilian Berbers in Agrigento revolt and depose the independent Emir Ahmed ibn Khorob. They offer Sicily to the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah welcomes this turn of events, but refuses to grant the Berber rulers their autonomy. He sends a Fatimid expeditionary force under Abu Said Musa which lands in Sicily and, with some difficulty, takes control of the island. Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah appoints Salam ibn Rashid as the emir of Sicily. Ahmed ibn Khorob is dispatched to Raqqada and executed.[29]
Britain
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Asia
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  • Abaoji, Khitan ruler and founder of the Liao Dynasty, adopts Chinese court formalities in which he declares himself emperor in the Chinese style and adopts an era name, Taizu of Liao. He names his eldest son Yelü Bei as heir apparent, a first in the history of the Khitan. Abaoji leads a campaign in the west, conquering much of the Mongolian Plains.[31]

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917

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Byzantine Empire
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Islamic Empire
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918

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919

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Mesoamerica
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Significant people

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Births

910

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912

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915

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Deaths

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919

References

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  1. ^ Györffy György: A magyarok elődeiről és a honfoglalásról; Osiris Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, p. 214.
  2. ^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 80. Penguin Books: ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  3. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie, cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658–1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 38.
  4. ^ Ostrogorsky (1969), p. 261.
  5. ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  6. ^ Yorke. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 123.
  7. ^ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
  8. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 39.
  9. ^ Angelov, Dimitar; Bozhilov, Ivan; Vaklinov, Stancho; Gyuzelev, Vasil; Kuev, Kuyu; Petrov, Petar; Primov, Borislav; Tapkova, Vasilka; Tsankova, Genoveva (1981). История на България. Том II. Първа българска държава [History of Bulgaria. Volume II. First Bulgarian State] (in Bulgarian). et al. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 285.
  10. ^ Zlatarski, Vasil (1972) [1927]. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство [History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire.] (in Bulgarian) (2 ed.). Sofia: Наука и изкуство. p. 358. OCLC 67080314.
  11. ^ Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. p. Konstantinos Duka (#23817).
  12. ^ Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-521-35722-5.
  13. ^ Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. p. 24. OCLC 299868377.
  14. ^ Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europa in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, pp. 13–14. ISBN 963-8312-67-X.
  15. ^ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Parte prima. Il regno normanno e il Mediterraneo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  16. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  17. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  18. ^ Ch Paquis, Louis Dochez Histoire d'Espagne Béthune et Plon, 1844.
  19. ^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  20. ^ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
  21. ^ Picard, C. (2000) Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose; pp.54.
  22. ^ Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979). "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042 (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-415-14366-0.
  23. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. M. Swanton (Dent, London 1997), s.a. 911–918.
  24. ^ a b c d e Heinz Halm The empire of the Mahdi, Partie 1, Volume 26 BRILL, 1996. ISBN 978-90-04-10056-5.
  25. ^ Joel L. Kraemer Philosophy in the renaissance of Islam: Abū Sulaymān Al-Sijistānī and his circle Brill Archive, 1986. ISBN 978-90-04-07258-9.
  26. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2000). The Literature of Georgia: A History, pp. 48–49. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1163-5.
  27. ^ Ancient India Par R.C. Majumdar Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1994. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  28. ^ Peter Partner (1 Jan 1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 81-82. ISBN 9780520021815.
  29. ^ Italian History: Timeline - Lombard Leagues Board history-timeline?page=10.
  30. ^ Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.
  31. ^ Mote, F. W. (2003). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0674012127.
  32. ^ Brain Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare 527–1071, pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
  33. ^ Lynda Garland (April 1, 2002). Byzantine Empresses: Woman and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 9780203024812.
  34. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  35. ^ Walker, Ian W (2000). Mercia and the Making of England Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-2131-5.
  36. ^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 68. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  37. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp. 38.
  38. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 56.
  39. ^ Madelung, W. (2004). "al-Ḥādī Ila 'l-Ḥaḳḳ". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XII: Supplement. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 334–335. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8582. ISBN 978-90-04-13974-9.
  40. ^ Carra de Vaux, B. & Hodgson, M. G. S. (1965). "al-D̲j̲annābī". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 452. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1997. OCLC 495469475.
  41. ^ Madelung, Wilferd (1983). "ABŪ SAʿĪD JANNĀBĪ". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4. pp. 380–381.
  42. ^ al-Sāʿī, Ibn; Toorawa, Shawkat M.; Bray, Julia (2017). كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Library of Arabic Literature. NYU Press. pp. 20, 22. ISBN 978-1-4798-6679-3.
  43. ^ Hartley, Cathy (2003). A Historical Dictionary of British Women. Psychology Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9781857432282.
  44. ^ Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 189. ISBN 3-406-35497-1.