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Luigi Luzzatti

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Luigi Luzzatti
Prime Minister of Italy
In office
31 March 1910 – 30 March 1911
MonarchVictor Emmanuel III
Preceded bySidney Sonnino
Succeeded byGiovanni Giolitti
Minister of Treasury
In office
14 March 1920 – 21 May 1921
Prime MinisterFrancesco Saverio Nitti
Preceded byCarlo Schanzer
Succeeded byCarlo Schanzer
In office
8 February 1906 – 29 May 1906
Prime MinisterSidney Sonnino
Preceded byPaolo Carcano
Succeeded byAngelo Majorana Calatabiano
In office
3 November 1903 – 27 March 1905
Prime MinisterGiovanni Giolitti
Tommaso Tittoni
Preceded byErnesto Di Broglio
Succeeded byPaolo Carcano
In office
11 July 1896 – 29 June 1898
Prime MinisterAntonio Starabba di Rudinì
Preceded byGiuseppe Colombo
Succeeded byPietro Vacchelli
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Trade
In office
11 December 1909 – 31 March 1910
Prime MinisterSidney Sonnino
Preceded byFrancesco Cocco-Ortu
Succeeded byGiovanni Raineri
Personal details
Born(1841-03-11)11 March 1841
Venice, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire
Died29 March 1927(1927-03-29) (aged 86)
Rome, Italy
Political partyHistorical Right
Alma materUniversity of Padua
Profession

Luigi Luzzatti (11 March 1841 – 29 March 1927) was an Italian financier, political economist, social philosopher, and jurist. He served as the 20th prime minister of Italy between 1910 and 1911.

Luzzatti came from a wealthy and cultured Jewish family and built a reputation as a social reformer dedicated to raise the working classes from ignorance and poverty.[1] He is remembered being the founder of the Italian credit union movement and for his book Dio nella libertà (God in Freedom), in which he advocates religious tolerance.[2] This provoked an exchange of correspondence between him and Benedetto Croce.

Early life

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Chiesa, Fede e Libertà religiosa in un carteggio di inizio novecento, 2004

Luzzatti was born to Jewish parents in Venice on 11 March 1841.[3] After completing his studies in law at the University of Padua, he attracted the attention of the Austrian police by his lectures on political economy, and was obliged to emigrate after starting a mutual aid society among gondoliers.[3] In 1863 he obtained a professorship at the Milan Technical Institute; in 1867 he was appointed professor of constitutional law at Padua, whence he was transferred to the University of Rome.

Gifted with eloquence and energy, he popularized the economic ideas of Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch in Italy, worked for the establishment of a commercial college at Venice, and contributed to the spread of people's banks on a basis of limited liability throughout the country. In 1865 he founded the Banca Popolare di Milano in Milan, the second cooperative bank in Italy (the first one was the Banca Popolare di Lodi).[4] The popular banks, modelled after the credit unions Schulze-Delitzsch had introduced in the 1850s, aimed to provide credits to peasants, small shopkeepers and artisans whose only option for capital had been pawnbrokers or usurious moneylenders.[5]

In 1869 he was appointed by Minghetti under secretary of state to the ministry of agriculture and commerce, in which capacity he abolished government control over commercial companies and promoted a state inquiry into the conditions of industry. Though theoretically a free trader, he was largely instrumental in creating the Italian protective system. In 1877 he participated in the commercial negotiations with France, in 1878 compiled the Italian customs tariff, and subsequently took a leading part in the negotiations of all the commercial treaties between Italy and other countries.

Banca Romana scandal

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Appointed minister of the treasury in the first Di Rudinì cabinet of 1891, he imprudently abolished the system of frequent clearings of banknotes between the state banks, a measure which facilitated the duplication of part of the paper currency and hastened the bank crisis of 1893 and the resulting Banca Romana scandal. A Parliamentary Commission that investigated the bank scandal concluded that former prime minister Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, and Luzzatti, had been aware of the conditions of the Banca Romana but had held back that information.[6][7]

In 1896 he entered the second Di Rudinì cabinet as minister of the treasury, and by timely legislation helped to save the bank of Naples from failure. Following the revolt and suppression of the Fasci Siciliani (1891–1894), Luzzatti introduced two measures of social legislation in 1898. The industrial workmen's compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.[8]

After his fall from office in June 1898, his principal achievement was the negotiation of the Franco-Italian commercial treaty, though, as deputy, journalist and professor, he continued to take an active part in all political and economic manifestations. He was again minister of the treasury from November 1903 to March 1905 in Giolitti's second administration, and for the third time from February to May 1906, under Sonnino's premiership. During the latter term of office he achieved the conversion of the Italian 5% debt (reduced to 4% by the tax) to 3¾% to be eventually lowered to 3½%, an operation which other ministers had attempted without success; although the actual conversion was not completed until after the fall of the cabinet of which he formed part the merit is entirely his. In 1907 he was president of the co-operative congress at Cremona.

Prime minister

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He was minister of agriculture in the second Sonnino Cabinet (December 2, 1909 - March 21, 1910), and on the resignation of the latter was called upon to form a cabinet himself. His administration, which lasted until March 18, 1911, was not very successful and fell over a proposed electoral reform.[9] Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, he had not the strength of character necessary to lead a government: he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore, he never realized that with the chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure.

During the First World War, he was consistently pro-Ally and strongly supported Italian intervention, but his tone was on the whole pessimistic. Although he did not take office while the war lasted, he was always consulted on all financial matters, and his sound advice was generally followed.

He became treasury minister in the second incarnation of the Nitti cabinet (March 12 - May 10, 1920), but did not resume office in the third. At the general elections of May 1921, he decided not to stand for parliament again, and was made a senator. In spite of his advanced age, he continued to write on economic and financial problems with his accustomed lucidity and soundness of judgment, insisting on the necessity for Italy to return to free trade and to reduce government interference in business matters to a minimum.

Death and legacy

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He died in Rome on March 29, 1927, at the age of 86.[3] He pioneered social legislation in Italy and initiated important social reforms, such as compulsory accident insurance. He also promoted workers' cooperatives, credit unions and voluntary insurance schemes that allowed people to take charge of their future. Luzzatti, nevertheless, remained a typical liberal of his time: he believed that government action to help the poor should be carefully restricted, and that the government should only intervene when private initiative proved inadequate; welfare schemes should not exonerate workers from investing effort in their own moral and economic regeneration.[10]

After becoming Treasury Minister in 1896, he is credited to have saved Italy from bankruptcy.[11] He supported the Zionist movement, specifically agricultural settlements in Palestine.[12]

Honours

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References

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  1. ^ Soper, Building a Civil Society, p. 45
  2. ^ Luzzatti, Luigi. God in Freedom: Studies in the Relations Between Church And State.
  3. ^ a b c Prof. Luzzatti Dies; Italian Ex-Premier; Famous Financier, Political Economist and Jurist Was 86 Years Old, The New York Times, March 30, 1927
  4. ^ "Statuto" [Articles of association] (PDF) (in Italian). Banca Popolare di Milano. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  5. ^ Soper, Building a Civil Society, p. 52
  6. ^ The Italian Bank Scandal; Report of the Investigation Read To Parliament. Many Deputies and Other Public Men Implicated, The New York Times, November 24, 1893
  7. ^ Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 154-56
  8. ^ Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 185-86
  9. ^ Italian Cabinet Resigns; Ministry Formed a Year Ago Yields to Storm Over Election Reform, The New York Times, March 20, 1911
  10. ^ Ashley, Making Liberalism Work, pp. 75-76
  11. ^ Nestor of Italy Labors On at 85, The New York Times, February 28, 1926
  12. ^ Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007-01-01). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 13. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 280. ISBN 9780028659411.

Sources

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Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Italy
1910–1911
Succeeded by
Preceded by Italian Minister of the Interior
1910–1911
Succeeded by