Batik
![]() Batik from Yogyakarta, late nineteenth century | |
Type | Art fabric |
---|---|
Material | Cambrics, silk, cotton |
Batik is a dyeing technique using wax resist. The term is also used to describe patterned textiles created with that technique. Batik is made by drawing or stamping wax on a cloth to prevent colour absorption during the dyeing process. This creates a patterned negative when the wax is removed from the dyed cloth. Artisans may create intricate coloured patterns with multiple cycles of wax application and dyeing. Patterns and motifs vary widely even within countries. Some pattern hold deep symbolic significance and used only in certain occasions, while some were created to satisfy market demand and fashion trends.
Resist dyeing using wax has been practised since ancient times and it is attested in several world culture such as Egypt, southern China (especially among hill tribes like the Miao, Bouyei and Gejia peoples), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. The technique developed in Indonesia (especially in Java) is among the most sophisticated, although its antiquity is difficult to determine. It first became widely known outside of southeast Asia when it was described in the 1817 The History of Java, leading to significant collecting efforts and scholarly studies to the tradition and other batik crafts. Javanese batik was subject to several innovations in the 19th to early 20th century, such as the use of stamp that increase production. Many workshops and artisans are still active today, creating a wide range of products and influencing a number of other textile traditions and artists
Etymology
[edit]The English word batik is borrowed from Javanese bathik (Javanese script: ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀, Pegon: باتيق).[a][1][2] English dictionaries tend to define batik as a general dyeing technique,[3][4] meaning that cloths with similar methods of production but culturally unrelated to Javanese batik may be included.[b] Robert Blust traces the Javanese word as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *batik and its doublet *beCik which means decorations and patterns in general.[5][6] Outside of Java, the word first appears in a 1641 merchant ship's bill of lading as batick.[7] The term and technique came to wider public notice beyond Southeast Asia following Thomas Stamford Raffles's description of batik process in his 1817 book The History of Java.[8] Colonial era Dutch sources record the word in various spellings, such as mbatik, mbatek, batik, and batek.[9][10]
History
[edit]Ancient to early modern periods
[edit]- Ancient pieces and representation of batik cloths
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Fragment of dyed textile from Niya (Tarim Basin), China, 3rd to early 4th century
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Fragment of hanging with Biblical scenes, from Byzantine period Egypt, early 6th century
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Clothing detail of 13th-century East Javanese Prajnaparamita statue, National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta
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Ceremonial banner from India, possibly 14th century
Batik-like resist dyeing is an ancient art form. It existed in Egypt in the 4th century BC, where it was used to wrap mummies; linen was soaked in wax, and scratched using a stylus. It continued to be used to the medieval era, although surviving pieces are rare.[11] In Asia, the technique is attested in India, the Tang Dynasty in China, and the Nara Period in Japan. In Africa it was practiced by the Yoruba people of Nigeria, as well as by the Soninke and Wolof of Senegal.[12]
The art of batik is highly developed on the island of Java, Indonesia, although the antiquity of the technique is difficult to determine since batik pieces rarely survive long in the region's tropical climate. The Dutch historians G. G. Rouffaer & H. H. Juynboll argue that the technique might have been introduced during the 6th or 7th century from India or Sri Lanka.[12][13] The similarities between some traditional batik patterns with clothing details in ancient Hindu-Buddhist statuaries, for example East Javanese Prajnaparamita, has made some authors attribute batik's creation to Java's Hindu-Buddhist period (8th-16th century AD).[14] Some scholars cautioned that mere similarity of pattern is not conclusive of batik, as it could be made by other non-related techniques.[15] Since the word "batik" is not attested in any pre-Islamic sources, some scholars have taken the view that batik only developed at the end of Java's Hindu-Buddhist period, from the 16th century onward following the demise of Majapahit kingdom.[16][17] The oldest surviving physical Javanese batik piece is a blue-white valance carbon dated to the 13th or 14th century. The batik's quality and early Majapahit period dating suggest that sophisticated batik techniques already existed at the time, but competed with the more established ikat textiles.[18]
Batik craft further flourished in the Islamic courts of Java in the following centuries. The development of prominent batik types was partly motivated by the desire to replicate prestigious foreign textiles (such as Indian patola) brought in by the Indian Ocean maritime trade.[19] When the Dutch East Indies Company began to impose their monopolistic trade practice in 17th century Indonesia, batik cloths was one of the product which stifled their textile sales. Dutch imports of chintz from the Coromandel coast could not compete with locally made batik due to their robust production and high quality.[20]
Modern period
[edit]- Modern pieces and representation of batik cloths
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Depiction of early 19th century Javanese citizen wearing batik sarong, from The History of Java
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Peranakan altar cloth (tok wi 桌帷), late 19th century
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Sarong in the pesisir "coastal" style from northern Javanese coast, early 20th century
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Waxprint fabrics in Togo, a modern African adaption of Javanese batik
Batik technique became more widely known (particularly by Europeans outside of southeast Asia) when the Javanese version was described in The History of Java, starting the collecting and scholarly interest in batik traditions. In 1873 the Dutch merchant Elie Van Rijckevorsel gave the pieces he collected during a trip to Indonesia to the ethnographic museum in Rotterdam. Examples were displayed at Paris's Exposition Universelle in 1900. Today the Tropenmuseum houses the biggest collection of Indonesian batik in the Netherlands.[12]
In the 19th to early 20th century, Dutch Indo–Europeans and Chinese settlers were actively involved in the production and development of Javanese batik, particularly pesisir "coastal" style batik in the northern coast of Java. They introduced innovations such as cap (copper block stamps) to mass-produce batiks, synthetic dyes which allow brighter colours and new patterns which blended several cultural influences. Several prominent batik ateliers appeared, such as Oey Soe Tjoen and Eliza van Zuylen,[21] and their products catered to a wide audience in the Malay archipelago (encompassing modern Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore). Batik skirts and sarongs for example were widely worn by indigenous, Chinese, and European women of the region, paired with the ubiquitous kebaya shirt. Batik was also used for more specialized applications, such as peranakan altar cloth called tok wi (桌帷).[22][23] It is in this time period that the influence of Javanese batik spread. In Subsaharan Africa, Javanese batik was introduced in the 19th century by Dutch and English merchants. It was subsequently modified by local artisans with larger motifs, thicker lines, and more colours into what is now known as African wax prints. Modern West African versions also use cassava starch, rice paste, or mud as a resist.[24] In the 1920s, Javanese batik makers migrating to the eastern coast of Malay Peninsula introduced batik production using stamp blocks.[25]
Many traditional ateliers in Java collapsed immediately following the Second World War and Indonesian wars of independence,[26] but many workshops and artisans are still active today creating a wide range of products. They still continue to influence a number of textile traditions and artists. In the 1970s for example, batik was introduced to Australia, where aboriginal artists at Ernabella have developed it as their own craft.[27] The works of the English artist Thetis Blacker were influenced by Indonesian batik; she had worked in Yogyakarta's Batik Research Institute and had travelled in Bali.[28]
Techniques
[edit]Production begins by washing the base cloth,[c] soaking it, and beating it with a large mallet. Patterns are sketched with pencil and redrawn using hot wax, usually made from a mixture of paraffin or beeswax, sometimes mixed with plant resins. The wax functions as a dye-resist which prevent colour absorption during the dyeing process. This creates a patterned negative when the wax is removed from the dyed cloth.[29] Using this mechanism, artisans may create intricate coloured patterns with multiple cycles of wax application and dyeing.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Resist_dyeing.svg/440px-Resist_dyeing.svg.png)
The wax can be applied with a variety of tools, including writing with a pen-like canting tool, printing with a cap, or painting with a brush.[29] The canting is the most basic and traditional tool, creating what is known as "written batik" (batik tulis). It allows the creation of very fine, minute patterns but the process is very labour-intensive. Stamped batik (batik cap) allows more efficient production for larger quantities at the expense of detail.[30][31]
Written batik
[edit]Written batik or batik tulis (Javanese script: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦭꦶꦱ꧀; Pegon: باتيق توليس) is made by writing molten wax on the cloth with a pen-like instrument called a canting (Javanese pronunciation: [tʃantiŋ], old spelling tjanting). It is a small copper reservoir with a spout on a wooden handle. The reservoir holds the resist which flows through the spout, creating dots and lines as it moves. The cloth is then dipped in a dye-bath, and left to dry. The resist is removed by boiling or scraping the cloth. The areas treated with resist keep their original colour; when the resist is removed the contrast between the dyed and undyed areas forms the pattern. The process is repeated as many times as the number of colours desired.[32][33]
- Written batik using canting
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A canting in use to draw a resist pattern in molten wax
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Written batik, drawing patterns with wax using canting in Java
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A canting variant used in Sri Lanka for thick outlines
Stamped batik
[edit]Stamped batik or batik cap (Javanese script: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦕꦥ꧀; Pegon: باتيق چڤ) is batik whose manufacturing process uses a cap (Javanese pronunciation: [tʃap]; old spelling tjap) stamp with carved motifs to print an area of the cloth with the resist. The material of the stamp can vary. Medieval Indian stamp tend to use wood. Modern Javanese stamp is made of copper strips and wires, which manufacture is a highly skilled process. The rest of the dyeing process is the same as for written batik. The replacement of the canting with the cap reduces the effort needed to make a batik cloth, and hence the cost, but still requires skill.[34][35]
- Stamped batik using cap
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A handmade Javanese batik cap for stamping patterns, made of copper strips and wires
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Hand-stamping batik using a cap in Java
Painted batik
[edit]Painted batik or batik lukis (Javanese script: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦸꦏꦶꦱ꧀; Pegon: باتيق لوكيس) is a technique of making batik by painting (with or without a template) on a white cloth using a combination of tools such as the canting, brush, cotton, or sticks to apply the resist, according to the painter. Brush application is especially useful to cover large areas of a cloth. Batik painting is a development of traditional batik art, producing contemporary (free) motifs or patterns. It may use more colours that are traditional in written batik.[36]
- Painted batik using brushes
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A craftwoman in Yogyakarta making a Rangda wax motif using a brush.
Dyeing
[edit]The dyeing process is similar regardless of the wax application technique. Waxed cloths are dipped in vats of dye according to the desired colour. Wax is then scraped off or removed by boiling water, leaving a patterned negative on the cloth. The wax application and dyeing are repeated as necessary. Before the invention of synthetic dyes, dyeing is one of the more technically complicated production stages, for several reasons. Natural dyes, mostly vegetal, do not always produce consistent colours between batches. Dyers must take into account how different dye shades interact when cloths go through multiple stages of dyeing with different colours. Many dyers use proprietary dye recipes for this reason, using locally sourced plant materials. Natural dyes also take longer to produce deep shades of colour, extending the dyeing process. Synthetic dyes greatly simplify the process, but produce chemical waste that may be harmful for the environment. Eco-friendliness is one reason some batik producers opt to use natural dyes, despite the availability of synthetic alternatives.[37][21][29]
Patterns and motifs
[edit]The patterns of batik textiles are particular to the time, place, and culture of their producers. In textile scholarship, most studies have focused on Indonesian batik patterns, as these drew from a wide range of cultural influences and are often symbolically rich. Some patterns are said to have loaded meanings and deep philosophies, with their use reserved for special occasions or groups of peoples (e.g. nobles, royalties). However, some scholars have cautioned that existing literature on Indonesian textiles over-romanticises and exoticises the purported meanings behind relatively mundane patterns.[38] Some batik patterns (even if they are technically demanding and intricate) were created to satisfy market demand and fashion trends.[19][39]
Cultural influences | Batik patterns | Geographic locations | Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Native Indonesian | Kawung, ceplok, gringsing, parang, lereng, truntum, sekar jagad (combination of motifs) and other decorative motifs such as of Javanese, Dayak, Batak, Papuan, Riau Malay. | Respective areas with their own patterns | ![]() |
Hindu–Buddhist | Garuda, banji, cuwiri, kalpataru, meru or gunungan, semen rama, pringgondani, sidha asih, sidha mukti, sidha luhur | Java | ![]() |
Islamic | Besurek or Arabic calligraphy, buraq | Bengkulu, Cirebon, Jambi | ![]() |
Chinese | Burung hong (Chinese phoenix), liong (Chinese dragon), qilin, wadasan, megamendung (Chinese-style cloud), lok tjan | Lasem [id], Cirebon, Pekalongan, Tasikmalaya, Ciamis | ![]() |
Indian | Jlamprang, peacock, elephant | Cirebon, Garut, Pekalongan, Madura | ![]() |
European (colonial era) | Buketan (floral bouquet), European fairytale, colonial images such as house, horses, carriage, bicycle and European-dressed people | Java | ![]() |
Japanese | sakura, hokokai, chrysanthemum, butterfly | Java | ![]() |
Cultures
[edit]Africa
[edit]African wax prints were introduced during the colonial era, through the Dutch textile industry's effort to imitate the batik-making process. The imitation was not successful in Indonesian market, but was welcomed in West and Central Africa.[41][42][43] Nelson Mandela was a noted wearer of batik during his lifetime. Mandela regularly wore patterned loose-fitting shirt to many business and political meetings during 1994–1999 and after his tenure as President of South Africa, subsequently dubbed as a Madiba shirt based on Mandela's Xhosa clan name.[44] There are many who claim the Madiba shirt's invention. According to Yusuf Surtee, a clothing-store owner who supplied Mandela with outfits for decades, the Madiba design is based on Mandela's request for a shirt similar to Indonesian president Suharto's batik attire.[45]
China
[edit]Batik is made by ethnic peoples in the South-West of China, and in neighbouring countries including Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, especially by hill tribes. The technique requires a ladao knife with two copper triangles mounted in a bamboo handle. Molten wax is held between the triangles, and can then be dripped from the knife to form a resist pattern on the cloth. Some ladao knives have more than two triangles, holding more wax and creating thicker lines.[46] The Miao, Bouyei and Gejia people use a dye resist method for some of their traditional costumes. Almost all the Miao decorate hemp and cotton by applying hot wax, and then dipping the cloth in an indigo dye. The cloth is then used for skirts, panels on jackets, aprons and baby carriers. Like the Javanese, their traditional patterns contain symbolism; the patterns include the dragon, phoenix, and flowers.[47][48][49]
India
[edit]Indians use resist-dyeing with cotton fabrics. Initially, wax and even rice starch were used for printing on fabrics. Until recently batik was made only for dresses and tailored garments, but modern batik is applied in numerous items, such as murals, wall hangings, paintings, household linen, and scarves, with livelier and brighter patterns. Contemporary batik making in India is done by the deaf women of Delhi, who are fluent in Indian Sign Language and work in other vocational programs.[50]
Indonesia
[edit]- Batik as worn in Indonesia
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Batik sarongs with a variety of patterns worn freely according to individual taste
Batik plays multiple roles in the culture of Indonesia, especially in Javanese culture. The wax resist-dyeing technique has been used for centuries in Java, where certain motifs had symbolic meaning and prescribed use, indicating a person's level in society.[51] It is an essential component in the attires of Javanese royal palaces,[52] worn by monarchs, nobilities, abdi (palace staff), guards, and dancers.[53][54] On the other hand, there are non-ceremonial batik which has long been treated as a trade commodity, with usage that are determined by taste, fashion, and affordability. Today in Indonesia, batik pattern is commonly seen on shirts, dresses, and other everyday attire.[40][21][39][19]
On 2 October 2009, UNESCO recognized written batik (batik tulis) and stamped batik (batik cap) as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia.[30] Since then, Indonesia has celebrated a Batik Day (Hari Batik Nasional) annually on 2 October. In the same year, UNESCO recognized education and training in Indonesian Batik as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[55]
Malaysia
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malaysian_Batik.jpg/220px-Malaysian_Batik.jpg)
Trade relations between the Malay kingdoms in Sumatra and Malay peninsula with Javanese coastal cities have thrived since the 13th century. The northern coastal batik-producing areas of Java (Cirebon, Lasem, Tuban, and Madura) have influenced Jambi batik,[56] which, along with Javanese batik, subsequently influenced the craft in the Malay Peninsula.[57] Later, in the 1920s, a new influx of Javanese batik makers introduced stamped batik to the peninsula.[25]
Fiona Kerlogue of the Horniman museum has argued that the Malaysian printed wax textiles, made for about a century, are in a different tradition from traditional Indonesian batik.[58] Malaysian batik patterns are larger and simpler, making only occasional use of the canting for intricate patterns. They rely heavily on brush painting to apply colours to fabrics. The colours are usually lighter and more vibrant than the deep-coloured Javanese batik. The most popular motifs are leaves and flowers; Malaysian batik often displays plants and flowers to avoid the interpretation of human and animal images as idolatry, in accordance with local Islamic doctrine.[59]
Sri Lanka
[edit]Over the past century, batik making in Sri Lanka has become firmly established. The batik industry in Sri Lanka is a small scale industry which can employ individual design talent. It mainly deals with foreign customers for profit. In the 21st century, it has become the most visible of the island's crafts; galleries and factories, large and small, have sprung up in many tourist areas. For example, rows of small batik stalls can be found all along Hikkaduwa's Galle Road strip. Mahawewa, on the other hand, is famous for its batik factories.[60][61]
See also
[edit]- Bagh print
- Balinese textiles
- Folk costume
- Ikat
- Malong
- National costume of Indonesia
- Screen printing
- Songket
- Textile printing
- T'nalak
- Tsutsugaki, Japanese resist-dyeing using starch, not wax
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Poerwadharminta, W.J.S. (1939). Baoesastra Djawa. Batavia: J.B Wolters'.
- ^ Robson, Stuart; Wibisono, Singgih (2002). Javanese-English Dictionary. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions.
- ^ "Batik". Cambridge. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ "Batik". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ Blust 1995, pp. 496.
- ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition".
- ^ Gittinger 1979, pp. 16.
- ^ Sardjono & Buckley 2022, pp. 64.
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary: batik". Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Batik". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Williams, Elizabeth Dospěl; Krody, Sumru Belger; Bühl, Gudrun (2019). Woven Interiors: Furnishing Early Medieval Egypt (PDF). Washington: The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum. pp. 67–68, 86. ISBN 978-0-87405-040-0.
- ^ Rouffaer & Juynboll 1899.
- ^ "Prajnaparamita and other Buddhist deities". Volkenkunde Rijksmuseum. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ Pullen 2021, pp. 58.
- ^ Langewis & Wagner 1964, pp. 16.
- ^ Maxwell 2003, pp. 325.
- ^ Sardjono & Buckley 2022.
- ^ a b c Brussel 2021, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Ruurdje, Laarhoven (September 2012). "A Silent Textile Trade War: Batik Revival as Economic and Political Weapon in 17th Century Java". Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings.
- ^ a b c Sumarsono et al 2013.
- ^ Lee et al 2015.
- ^ Shen & Wong 2023.
- ^ "Batik in Africa". The Batik Guild. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ a b Shaharuddin et al 2021.
- ^ Harmsen 2018.
- ^ Stevy, Maradona (11 February 2011). "Antropolog Australia Beri Ceramah Soal Batik". Republika.
- ^ Buckman, David (31 January 2007). "Thetis Blacker: Visionary batik painter". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ a b c Trefois 2010.
- ^ a b "Indonesia Batik". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Handayani et al 2019, pp. 237.
- ^ Trefois 2010, pp. 99.
- ^ Gillow & Sentance 2000, p. 135.
- ^ Ajie, Stefanus (18 October 2018). "Preserving traditional values through stamped batik". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Gillow & Sentance 2000, pp. 136–137.
- ^ "Batik Lukis". www.nafiun.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Handayani et al 2018.
- ^ Barnes et al 2020, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Sumarsono et al 2016.
- ^ a b "Nomination for inscription on the Representative List in 2009 (Reference No. 00170)". UNESCO. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ Lemi 2024, pp. 3.
- ^ Kroese, W.T. (1976). The origin of the Wax Block Prints on the Coast of West Africa. Hengelo: Smit. ISBN 9062895018.
- ^ LaGamma, Alisa (2009). The Essential Art of African Textiles: Design Without End. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 20.
- ^ Grant & Nodoba 2009, p. 361.
- ^ Smith 2014, p. 103.
- ^ Gillow & Sentance 2000, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Zhennan, L.; Yahaya, S. R. (2021). "An Aesthetic Study on Traditional Batik Design of Miao Ethnicity in China". KUPAS SENI: Jurnal Seni Dan Pendidikan Seni. 9 (2): 12–25. doi:10.37134/kupasseni.vol9.2.2.2021.
- ^ Gaffney, Diane. "Batik in China and South-east Asia". The Batik Guild.
- ^ Ka, Bo Tsang (2005). "Pattern-dyed fabrics: Wax-resist". Touched by Indigo: Chinese Blue-and-White Textiles and Embroidery (PDF). Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 26–33.
- ^ Burch, Susan; Kaferq, Alison (2010). Deaf and Disability Studies. Washington D.C: GU Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-56368-464-7.
- ^ Maziyah, Siti; Mahirta, Mahirta; Atmosudiro, Sumijati (2016). "Makna Simbolis Batik Pada Masyarakat Jawa Kuna". Paramita: Historical Studies Journal. 26 (1): 23–32. doi:10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5143. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "Sejarah Batik Indonesia". Government of West Java. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ Wijanarko 2021.
- ^ Smend et al 2013.
- ^ "Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ Sunarto, Azmiah Edi; Priyono, Bagus (2014). Batik Jambi: Melintas Masa. Jakarta: Rumah Batik Azmiah.
- ^ "Busana dan Aksesori Nusantara". National Geographic Traveller Indonesia. Vol. 1, no. 6. September 2009. p. 54.
- ^ Collins, Nick (5 October 2009). "Indonesians tell Malaysians 'Hands off our batik'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Figural Representation in Islamic Art". metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Batik Textiles". Lakpura Travels. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ Kannangara, Ananda (10 June 2012). "Brighter future for batik industry". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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- Smith, Daniel (2014). How to Think Like Mandela. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 9781782432401.
- Sumarsono, Hartono; Ishwara, Helen; Yahya, L.R. Supriyapto; Moeis, Xeni (2016). Batik Garutan: Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 978-602-6208-09-5.
- Sumarsono, Hartono; Ishwara, Helen; Yahya, L.R. Supriyapto; Moeis, Xeni (2013). Benang Raja: Menyimpul Keelokan Batik Pesisir. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9106-01-8.
- Trefois, Rita (2010). Fascinating Batik: Technique and Practice. Belgium: Rita Trefois. ISBN 978-90-815246-2-9.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Wijanarko, Fajar (2021). Wastra-Langkara: literasi busana bangsawan Yogyakarta. Jakarta: Perpusnas Press. ISBN 978-623-313-353-1.
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Further reading
[edit]- Doellah, H. Santosa (2003). Batik: The Impact of Time and Environment. Solo: Danar Hadi. ISBN 979-97173-1-0.
- Elliott, Inger McCabe (1984). Batik: fabled cloth of Java. New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc. ISBN 0-517-55155-1.
- Fraser-Lu, Sylvia (1986). Indonesian batik : processes, patterns, and places. Singapore: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582661-2.
- Gillow, John; Dawson, Barry (1995). Traditional Indonesian Textiles. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27820-2.
- Jasper, J.E.; Pingardie, Mas (1916). De inlandsche kunstnijverheid in Nederlandsch Indië III: De batikkunst. 'S-Gravenhage: Mout0n & co.
- Tirta, Iwan; Steen, Gareth L.; Urso, Deborah M.; Alisjahbana, Mario (1996). Batik: a play of lights and shades, Volume 1. Indonesia: Gaya. ISBN 978-979-515-313-9.
External links
[edit]Media related to Batik at Wikimedia Commons
- UNESCO: Indonesian Batik, Representative of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity – 2009
- Early Indonesian textiles from three island cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung, exhibition catalogue from Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
- Batik, the Traditional Fabric of Indonesia, an article about batik from Living in Indonesia
- iWareBatik |Indonesian Batik Textile Heritage A website devoted to Batik, Indonesian Textile enlisted by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. It links Batik production with Tourism and Fashion in Indonesia
- Batiks, and how to make them (1919) by Pieter Mijer through New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc.