Springfield, Ohio
Springfield, Ohio | |
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![]() Skyline view of downtown Springfield | |
Nickname(s): The Home City, The Rose City (City of Roses), The Champion City, The Field | |
![]() Interactive map of Springfield | |
Coordinates: 39°55′12″N 83°46′15″W / 39.92000°N 83.77083°W | |
Country | ![]() |
State | ![]() |
County | Clark |
Founded | 1801 |
Incorporated | 1827 (village) |
Government | |
• Type | Council–manager[1] |
• Mayor | Rob Rue |
Area | |
• City | 26.36 sq mi (68.27 km2) |
• Land | 26.16 sq mi (67.75 km2) |
• Water | 0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2) |
Elevation | 929 ft (283 m) |
Population (2020) | |
• City | 58,662 |
• Density | 2,242.52/sq mi (865.86/km2) |
• Metro | 136,001 |
Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
ZIP Codes | 45501–45506 |
Area code(s) | 937, 326 |
FIPS code | 39-74118[4] |
GNIS feature ID | 1085859[3] |
Website | www.ci.springfield.oh.us |
Springfield is a city in and the county seat of Clark County, Ohio, United States.[5] The municipality is located in southwestern Ohio and is situated on the Mad River, Buck Creek, and Beaver Creek, approximately 45 miles (72 km) west of Columbus and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Dayton. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 58,662, while the Springfield metropolitan area had a population of 136,001 residents.
Springfield is home to Wittenberg University, a liberal arts college. The Little Miami Scenic Trail, a paved rail-trail that is nearly 80 miles long, extends from the Buck Creek Scenic Trail head in Springfield south to Newtown, Ohio. Buck Creek State Park and its Clarence J. Brown reservoir are located at the city limits.
History
Early settlement
Springfield was founded in 1801 by European-American James Demint, a former teamster from Kentucky. It was named for historic Springfield, Massachusetts. When Clark County was created in 1818 from parts of Champaign, Madison, and Greene counties, Springfield was chosen by the legislature over the village of New Boston (another village named after a New England predecessor) as the county seat, winning by two votes.[6]
Early growth in Springfield was stimulated by federal construction of the National Road into Ohio. Springfield was the terminus for approximately 10 years as politicians wrangled over its future path. Dayton and Eaton wanted the road to veer south after Springfield, but President Andrew Jackson, who took office in 1829, made the final decision to have the road continue straight west to Richmond, Indiana.[7]
Industrial development
During the mid-and-late 19th century, the manufacturing industry began to flourish in Springfield. Industrialists included Oliver S. Kelly, Asa S. Bushnell, James Leffel, P. P. Mast, and Benjamin H. Warder. Bushnell also constructed the Bushnell Building, naming it after himself.[8] Harry Aubrey Toulmin, Sr., patent attorney to the Wright Brothers, wrote the 1904 patent to their invention of the airplane at the Bushnell Building. In 1894, The Kelly Springfield Tire Company was founded in the city.
P. P. Mast started Farm & Fireside magazine to promote the products of his agricultural equipment company. His publishing company, known as Mast, Crowell, and Kirkpatrick, eventually developed as the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, best known for publishing Collier's Weekly.
At the turn of the 20th century, Springfield became known as the "Home City." It was a period of high activity by fraternal organizations, and such lodges as the Masonic Lodge, Knights of Pythias, and Odd Fellows built homes for orphans and aged members of their orders. Springfield also became known as "The Champion City," a reference to the Champion Farm Equipment brand, manufactured by the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company. In 1902 this company was absorbed into International Harvester. The latter operates today in Springfield as Navistar International, a manufacturer of medium to large trucks.
In 1902 A.B. Graham, then the superintendent of schools for Springfield Township in Clark County, established a "Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Club." Approximately 85 children from 10 to 15 years of age attended the first meeting on January 15, 1902, in Springfield, in the basement of the Clark County Courthouse. This was the start of what would soon be called the "4-H Club"; it expanded to become a nationwide organization, at a time when agriculture was a mainstay of the economy in many regions.[9] The first projects included food preservation, gardening, and elementary agriculture. Today, a historical marker exists at the Clark County courthouse, and the Library of Congress officially recognized the birthplace in 2023.[10]
On March 7, 1904, over a thousand white residents formed a lynch mob, stormed the jail, and removed prisoner Richard Dixon, a black man accused of killing police officer Charles B. Collis. Dixon was shot to death and then hanged from a pole on the corner of Fountain and Main Street, where the mob shot his body numerous times. From there the mob rioted through the town, destroying and burning much of the black area. The events were covered by national newspapers and provoked outrage.[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SpringfieldOH_4-H_Club_Sculpture.jpg/220px-SpringfieldOH_4-H_Club_Sculpture.jpg)
On February 26, 1906, an altercation between a white man and a black man resulted in another riot. The rioters burned down a significant portion of the Levee, a predominantly black neighborhood located in a flood-prone area near the river. Nearly 100 people were left homeless in the aftermath.[12][13] Sixty years later, Springfield was the first city in Ohio to elect a black mayor, Robert Henry.[14]
The final riot took place in 1921, although relatively peaceful compared to the two prior. It was reported that there was in fact little to no rioting, and that other reports made by The New York Times of 14 people killed was in fact, incorrect.[15]
From 1916 to 1926, 10 automobile companies operated in Springfield. Among them were the Bramwell, Brenning, Foos, Frayer-Miller, Kelly Steam, Russell-Springfield, and Westcott. The Westcott, known as "the car built to last," was a six-cylinder four-door sedan manufactured by Burton J. Westcott of the Westcott Motor Car Company.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Westcott_House_Springfield_06.jpg/220px-Westcott_House_Springfield_06.jpg)
In 1908, Westcott and his wife Orpha commissioned architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design their home at 1340 East High Street. The Westcott House, a sprawling two-story stucco and concrete house, has all the features of Wright's "prairie style," including horizontal lines, low-pitched roof, and broad eaves. Wright became world-renowned, and this is his only prairie-style house in the state of Ohio.[16] In 2000 the property was purchased by the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy (based in Chicago.) As part of a prearranged plan, the house was sold to a newly formed local Westcott House Foundation. This foundation managed an extensive 5-year, $5.8 million restoration, completed in October 2005.[16] The landmark house is now open to the public for guided tours.
Late 20th century to present
International Harvester (now Navistar International), a manufacturer of farm machinery and later trucks, became the leading local industry after 1856, when Springfield native William Whiteley invented the self-raking reaper and mower. International Harvester and Crowell-Collier Publishing were the major employers throughout most of the next century. Crowell-Collier closed its magazines in 1957 and sold its Springfield printing plant.[17] In 1983, Newsweek magazine featured Springfield in its 50th-anniversary issue, entitled "The American Dream", which it concluded was a symbol of decline.[18]
The decline in manufacturing and other blue-collar industries in the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries resulted in significant economic and population losses in Springfield. A 27% decrease in median income between 1999 and 2014 was the largest of any metropolitan area in the country.[19] Peaking at more than 82,000 in the 1960 census, the city population had declined to only 58,662 in 2020.[20] Despite efforts by local politicians and business organizations, an economic recovery enjoyed by larger cities since the Great Recession has not included Springfield or other small cities in Ohio.[21]
By the mid-2010s, city leaders began revitalization of the downtown area, including residential housing, a parking garage and demolition of decayed structures.[22][23][24][25] Since 2000, new downtown structures include the Ohio Valley Surgical Hospital, Springfield Regional Medical Center, Mother Stewart's Brewing Company, and the Chiller Ice Arena.[26] The Upper Valley Mall, which had operated as the city's retail hub since 1971, permanently closed in 2021.[27]
By 2024, an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Haitian refugees had settled in the city, the vast majority receiving temporary protected status due to the ongoing crisis in Haiti.[28] According to The New York Times, the influx of Haitians triggered an increase in anti-immigrant sentiment among existing residents, with tensions aggravated by an incident in August 2023 in which an unlicensed Haitian driver crashed into a school bus, killing one child and injuring 23 others.[29] In mid-2024, local politicians appealed to the federal government for assistance due to an increased use of city services for which they were not prepared, as well as housing issues caused by the population increase.[30][29] Community organizations have hired significant numbers of Haitian Creole translators.[29] Springfield's increase in manufacturing facilities, from companies such as Topre, Silfex and McGregor Metal, have been cited as a motivation for relocation by immigrants to the city.[29][31][32] In September 2024, unsubstantiated claims of Haitian immigrants abducting and eating pets were amplified by businessman Elon Musk, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, Republican vice-presidential nominee JD Vance, and the House Judiciary GOP.[33][34][35][36]
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/South_Fountain_Avenue_HD.jpg/220px-South_Fountain_Avenue_HD.jpg)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.50 square miles (66.04 km2), of which, 25.29 square miles (65.50 km2) is land and 0.21 square miles (0.54 km2) is water.[37] The Clarence J. Brown Reservoir is located on the northeast outskirts of Springfield.
Climate
Climate data for Springfield, Ohio (Springfield Water Treatment Plant) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 68 (20) |
76 (24) |
85 (29) |
93 (34) |
92 (33) |
98 (37) |
99 (37) |
100 (38) |
97 (36) |
90 (32) |
79 (26) |
72 (22) |
100 (38) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 58.8 (14.9) |
62.7 (17.1) |
71.8 (22.1) |
80.3 (26.8) |
86.2 (30.1) |
90.8 (32.7) |
91.7 (33.2) |
91.2 (32.9) |
89.7 (32.1) |
82.0 (27.8) |
70.1 (21.2) |
61.7 (16.5) |
93.3 (34.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 35.9 (2.2) |
39.5 (4.2) |
49.6 (9.8) |
62.6 (17.0) |
72.6 (22.6) |
81.2 (27.3) |
83.9 (28.8) |
83.1 (28.4) |
77.7 (25.4) |
65.3 (18.5) |
51.8 (11.0) |
40.7 (4.8) |
62.0 (16.7) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.2 (−2.7) |
29.9 (−1.2) |
39.0 (3.9) |
50.4 (10.2) |
61.0 (16.1) |
70.0 (21.1) |
72.9 (22.7) |
71.4 (21.9) |
64.9 (18.3) |
53.3 (11.8) |
41.6 (5.3) |
32.5 (0.3) |
51.2 (10.7) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.5 (−7.5) |
20.2 (−6.6) |
28.4 (−2.0) |
38.2 (3.4) |
49.4 (9.7) |
58.8 (14.9) |
61.8 (16.6) |
59.8 (15.4) |
52.2 (11.2) |
41.3 (5.2) |
31.4 (−0.3) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
40.4 (4.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −2.9 (−19.4) |
1.7 (−16.8) |
11.1 (−11.6) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
35.0 (1.7) |
46.0 (7.8) |
52.0 (11.1) |
49.6 (9.8) |
39.4 (4.1) |
28.2 (−2.1) |
17.8 (−7.9) |
6.9 (−13.9) |
−6.3 (−21.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −26 (−32) |
−18 (−28) |
−13 (−25) |
14 (−10) |
26 (−3) |
34 (1) |
43 (6) |
39 (4) |
29 (−2) |
15 (−9) |
3 (−16) |
−26 (−32) |
−26 (−32) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.69 (68) |
2.10 (53) |
2.94 (75) |
3.96 (101) |
4.59 (117) |
4.48 (114) |
4.55 (116) |
3.28 (83) |
3.39 (86) |
2.83 (72) |
2.80 (71) |
2.64 (67) |
40.25 (1,022) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.8 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 12.8 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 10.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 11.4 | 130.5 |
Source: NOAA[38][39] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 593 | — | |
1820 | 1,868 | 215.0% | |
1830 | 1,080 | −42.2% | |
1840 | 2,062 | 90.9% | |
1850 | 5,108 | 147.7% | |
1860 | 7,002 | 37.1% | |
1870 | 12,652 | 80.7% | |
1880 | 20,730 | 63.8% | |
1890 | 31,895 | 53.9% | |
1900 | 38,253 | 19.9% | |
1910 | 46,921 | 22.7% | |
1920 | 60,840 | 29.7% | |
1930 | 68,743 | 13.0% | |
1940 | 70,662 | 2.8% | |
1950 | 78,508 | 11.1% | |
1960 | 82,723 | 5.4% | |
1970 | 81,926 | −1.0% | |
1980 | 72,563 | −11.4% | |
1990 | 70,487 | −2.9% | |
2000 | 65,358 | −7.3% | |
2010 | 60,608 | −7.3% | |
2020 | 58,662 | −3.2% | |
2023 (est.) | 58,082 | −1.0% | |
[4][40][41][42][43] |
As of the 2000 census,[4] the median income for a household in the city was $32,193, and the median income for a family was $39,890. Males had a median income of $32,027 versus $23,155 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,660. 16.9% of the population and 13.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.9% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
2010 census
As of the 2010 census,[44] there were 60,608 people, 24,459 households, and 14,399 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,693.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,040.0/km2). There were 28,437 housing units at an average density of 1,263.9 per square mile (488.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.2% White, 18.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.
There were 24,459 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no spouse present, 5.9% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 41.1% were non-families. Of all households, 34.1% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38, and the average family size was 3.01.
In the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.
Crime
From 2012 through 2014, the city experienced a 21% increase in violent crime; from 618 per 100,000 persons to 750. Also during those years, occurrences of murder and non-negligent manslaughter steadily increased; from 5 to 7.[45][46][47] In 2015, Springfield's violent crime reached a 14-year high,[48][49] but this rate has since decreased.[50]
Economy
Springfield has a notably weakened economy due to many factors, but a key cause for degradation of the economy in Springfield has been the decline in manufacturing jobs. Between 1999 and 2014, Springfield saw the median income decreased by 27 percent, compared to just 8 percent across the country. In the 1990s, Springfield lost 22,000 blue collar jobs, which was the backbone of the city economy.[51] Today, Springfield largely relies on healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, leisure, education, financial institutions, and retail for employment.[52]
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wittenberg_Ward_St_En_11-23-08.jpg/220px-Wittenberg_Ward_St_En_11-23-08.jpg)
Springfield City School District enrolls approximately 7,000 students in public primary and secondary schools.[53] The district operates fourteen public schools including ten elementary schools, three middle schools, and one high school, Springfield High School. Additionally, the district operates an alternative school.
Also located in Springfield is the Global Impact STEM Academy, an early-college middle school and high school certified in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics curriculum.[54] It was founded in 2013.[54]
Wittenberg University is a private liberal arts college founded in Springfield in 1845. Associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, its student body consists of roughly 1,300 full-time students.[55] The university is situated on a campus of 114 acres and offers more than seventy majors. Wittenberg has more than 150 campus organizations, which include ten national fraternities and sororities. The WUSO radio station is operated on the campus.
The city is also home to Clark State College, which offers associates and bachelors degrees.[56] The Springfield and Clark County Technical Education Program opened in 1962 and began to offer technical training for residents of Springfield and surrounding communities, and was chartered as the Clark County Technical Institute on February 18, 1966, as Ohio’s first technical college to be sanctioned by the Ohio Board of Regents.
The Clark County Public Library operates three public libraries within the city of Springfield.[57]
Media
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SpringfieldOH_News-Sun.jpg/220px-SpringfieldOH_News-Sun.jpg)
The city is served by one daily newspaper, the Springfield News-Sun. The Wittenberg Torch is the newspaper of Wittenberg University. WEEC-FM radio, featuring Christian-based programming, is also located in the city. Two AM radio stations are licensed to Springfield, WIZE 1340, owned by iHeart Media, and WULM 1600, licensed to Radio Maria, but neither is locally operated or programmed. WIZE broadcasts iHeart's Black Information Network and WULM, Catholic programming originated at KJMJ-AM, Alexandria, LA.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Ohio State Route 72 runs north-south through downtown Springfield. U.S. Highway 40 runs east-west through the downtown. U.S. Highway 68 runs north-south on the west edge of the city. Interstate 70 runs east-west to the south of the city.
Springfield–Beckley Municipal Airport, a civil-military airport, is 6.6 miles south of Springfield, between US 68 and Ohio Route 72. The closest airport with commercial passenger flights is Dayton International Airport, 27.2 miles to the west.
Springfield had been served by passenger railroads of the New York Central at its Big Four Depot, with trains for Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland and New York City,[58] demolished in 1969, and the Pennsylvania Railroad at its station, with a train due for Richmond, Indiana and Chicago.[59] The last train from Springfield, an unnamed remnant of the New York Central's Ohio State Limited, running on the (Cincinnati - Columbus - Cleveland) route by the Penn Central, had its final trip on April 30, 1971.[60]
Notable people
The following are notable people born and/or raised in Springfield:
- Berenice Abbott – photographer[61]
- Randy Ayers – former basketball head coach of Ohio State and the Philadelphia 76ers
- Minnie Willis Baines Miller – author
- Leslie Greene Bowman – president of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; born in Springfield
- Bobby Bowsher – racing driver
- J. T. Brubaker Baseball Player
- Edward Lyon Buchwalter – first president of the Citizens National Bank of Springfield, Ohio, U.S. Civil War captain.
- Dave Burba – major league baseball player
- William R. Burnett – novelist and screenwriter
- Ron Burton – professional football player
- Garvin Bushell – musician (saxophone, clarinet, etc.)
- Butch Carter – NBA player and coach
- Justin Chambers – actor (Alex Karev, Grey's Anatomy) and former model
- Jia Cobb - federal judge
- Call Cobbs, Jr. – jazz pianist
- Jason Collier – professional basketball player
- Trey DePriest – former linebacker of the Baltimore Ravens, 2 time NCAA National Champion of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team.
- Mike DeWine – 70th and current Governor of Ohio
- Marsha Dietlein – actress
- Joe Dunn - major league baseball player - manager Springfield Dunnmen and Springfield Reapers.[62]
- Adam Eaton – major league baseball player
- Wayne Embry – professional basketball player
- Dorothy Gish – actress from the silent film era and after; younger sister of Lillian
- Lillian Gish – actress from the silent film era and after
- Luther Alexander Gotwald – tried for and acquitted of Lutheran heresy at Wittenberg College in 1893
- Albert Belmont Graham – founder of 4-H
- Anais Granofsky – (born in Springfield in 1973) is a Canadian actress, screenwriter, producer and director
- Harvey Haddix – major league baseball player
- Robert C. Henry – first African American mayor in Ohio
- Dustin Hermanson – major league baseball player
- Dave Hobson – former U.S. Congressman for Ohio's Seventh District
- Alice Hohlmayer – All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
- Griffin House – singer-songwriter
- Quentin Jackson – jazz trombonist
- Jimmy Journell – major league baseball player
- Taito Kantonen – academic and theologian
- J. Warren Keifer – Civil War general and Speaker of the House
- Bradley Kincaid – America's first country music star. He performed on WLS, WBZ, and WLW.
- David Ward King – inventor of the King road drag
- Brooks Lawrence – major league baseball player
- John Legend – singer, musician, R&B and neo-soul pianist
- Lois Lenski – author and illustrator of children's fiction, including Strawberry Girl
- Deborah Loewer – U.S. Navy flag officer
- Luke Lucas – major league baseball player
- Johnny Lytle – jazz musician
- John Mahoney – Ohio state senator[63]
- Will McEnaney – major league baseball player, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds
- Jeff Meckstroth – multiple world champion bridge player
- Braxton Miller – Ohio State quarterback and NFL player
- Davey Moore – boxer, World Featherweight Title holder 1959–1963
- Henrietta G. Moore - Universalist minister, educator, temperance activist; president, Equal Suffrage Club of Springfield, Ohio
- Troy Perkins – professional soccer player
- Carl Ferdinand Pfeifer – presidential aide
- Coles Phillips – early 20th-century illustrator, inventor of the "fade-away" girl
- Robert Bruce Raup – professor, Teachers College, Columbia University, writer, and critic of American Education system.
- Alaina Reed Hall – television actress, 227 and Sesame Street
- William Ridenour - member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
- Barbara Schantz – police officer, gained national attention for Playboy pictorial, and subject of the 1983 movie Policewoman Centerfold
- Cecil Scott – jazz clarinetist, tenor saxophonist, and bandleader
- Dick Shatto – professional Canadian football player
- Winant Sidle – U.S. Army major general
- Elle Smith – model, journalist, and Miss USA 2021
- James Garfield Stewart – Supreme Court of Ohio the 109th justice
- Dann Stupp – author
- Charles Thompson – jazz musician
- Tommy Tucker (a.k.a. Robert Higginbotham) – jazz musician
- Chris Via – professional bowler on the PBA Tour, winner of the 2021 U.S. Open
- Crista Nicole Wagner – Playboy Playmate (May 2001) and Miss Hawaiian Tropic (2001)
- Christopher J. Waild – screenwriter
- Helen Bosart Morgan Wagstaff - artist
- James R. Ward - World War II Medal of Honor recipient was born in Springfield.
- Earle Warren – jazz saxophonist with Count Basie
- Walter L. Weaver – U.S. Representative from Ohio
- Rick White – major league baseball player
- Worthington Whittredge – Hudson River School painter
- Jonathan Winters – actor and comedian
Gallery
-
Springfield around 1830
-
Springfield around 1900
-
Clark County Courthouse in downtown Springfield
-
Old City Hall, now the Clark County Heritage Center
See also
- Brittain, Akron, Ohio
- Clark County Heritage Center, which houses the Clark County Historical Society museum, library, and archives.
- Springfield City School District, the school district that serves the city of Springfield
References
- ^ "Government". City of Springfield, Ohio. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Springfield, Ohio
- ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "History of Clark County: New Boston". Ghost Towns. The Network of Springfield, Ohio. 2008. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^ Raitz, Karl B.; Thompson, George F. (1996). The National Road. JHU Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8018-5155-1.
- ^ History of the Bushnell Building Archived April 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "4-H History." Available at: National4-hheadquarters.gov Archived October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Orozco, Jesse (September 13, 2023). "Clark County now recognized by Library of Congress as birthplace of 4-H". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
- ^ "Mob in Ohio Shoots..." New York Times. March 8, 1904.
- ^ "Ohiohistorycentral.org".
- ^ Carter, Darnell (1993). The 1904, 1906, and 1921 race riots in Springfield, Ohio and the Hoodlum theory. OhioLINK (Thesis). The Ohio State University. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ Knepper, George W. (January 2003). Ohio and Its People. Kent State University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0.
- ^ "FOURTEEN NEGROES SHOT IN RACE RIOT; Fight Pitched Battle With Whites Near Midnight in Springfield, Ohio.TROOPS RUSHED TO CITYOutbreak Follows Wounding ofPoliceman—Climax of NegroAssault on White Girl". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Armstrong, Phil (July 24, 2018). "There's a Frank Lloyd Wright-Designed Home Just 80 Miles North of Cincy". Cincinnati Refined. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ "COLLIER HOLDERS BACK PLANT SALE; Debts Put at $9,000,000-- '56 Net of Book Business Given as $5,000,000 $3,600,000 Needed COLLIER HOLDERS BACK PLANT SALE". The New York Times. March 21, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ^ Borden, Jeremy (September 19, 2016). "Newsweek took stock of the American Dream in Springfield, Ohio, in 1983. A taste of what things look like today". The Untold Story. Medium. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
- ^ Berliner, Uri (September 19, 2016). "Springfield, Ohio: A Shrinking City Faces A Tough Economic Future". NPR. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ Sanctis, Matt (June 10, 2018). "Springfield among the small cities economic recovery is bypassing, report says". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "Springfield to build new townhomes downtown". WDTN. December 19, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ^ Riley Newton, Staff Writer (June 28, 2019). "Springfield breaks ground on new downtown parking garage". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
- ^ Newton, Riley (October 29, 2019). "Demolition on Crowell-Collier picks up steam". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
- ^ Mark McGregor, Staff Writer. "Historic downtown Arcue Building demolished". springfieldnewssun.
- ^ Michael Cooper, Staff Writer. "City's long-delayed ice arena ready to open". springfieldnewssun.
- ^ "Upper Valley Mall to close in June". WDTN. April 15, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
- ^ "Thousands of Haitian immigrants now in Springfield: 5 takeaways from our reporting". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Jordan, Miriam (September 3, 2024). "How an Ohio Town Landed in the Middle of the Immigration Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
- ^ Orozco, Jessica (April 12, 2024). "Springfield leaders talk growing Haitian population with federal government". Springfield News-Sun. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ Matt Sanctis, Staff Writer. "Topre to expand, add 200 jobs, invest $73M in Springfield". springfieldnewssun.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
- City of Springfield
- Greater Springfield Convention and Visitor's Bureau
- The American Cyclopædia. 1879. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 741. .