John L. Hines
John Leonard Hines | |
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Born | White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, United States | May 21, 1868
Died | October 13, 1968 Washington, D.C., United States | (aged 100)
Buried | Arlington National Cemetery, Section 7, Lot 8001 |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Service/ | ![]() |
Years of service | 1891−1932 |
Rank | ![]() |
Service number | 0-23 |
Commands | Philippine Department IX Corps Area Chief of Staff of the United States Army VIII Corps Area 2nd Division 5th Division III Corps 4th Division 1st Brigade |
Battles/wars | Spanish–American War Philippine–American War World War I |
Awards | Distinguished Service Cross Army Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star |
John Leonard Hines (May 21, 1868 – October 13, 1968) was an American general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1924 to 1926.[1]
Early career
[edit]Hines was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia,[2] to Irish parents, Edward and Mary. Having won a competitive examination for a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, Hines, despite having a hard time maintaining his passing grades, nevertheless graduated and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry on June 12, 1891.[1] While he was there he took an interest in athletics, becoming a member of one of the first football teams at West Point.[3]
His first assignment upon his graduation was to the 2nd Infantry Regiment at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. Hines served with the regiment in Nebraska and later at Fort Harrison, Montana, from 1891 to 1898,[4][3] where he married Harriet Schofield "Rita" Wherry, one of the daughters of Brigadier General William M. Wherry and Alice Grammer.[5]
Hines served with the 25th Infantry Regiment in Cuba during the Spanish–American War and in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. In 1898 he was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars. He was adjutant of the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916–17 under General John J. Pershing.[1][6]
World War I
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During World War I, Hines rose rapidly in rank as he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in May 1917, then to colonel (November 1917), brigadier general (April 1918), and, in August 1918, to temporary major general—four grades in 16 months. He assumed successively larger commands—from regiment to brigade, division, and finally, corps.[7]
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Hines commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, from May to August 1918, during which time he received the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest decoration for valor in the United States Armed Forces, with the medal's citation reading:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while Commanding the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division, A.E.F., near Berzy-le-Sec, France, 21 July 1918. At a critical time during the battle southwest of Soissons, when liaison had been broken between the 16th Infantry and 26th Infantry, and repeated efforts to reestablish it had failed, General Hines, then in command of the 1st Infantry Brigade, personally went through terrific artillery fire to the front lines of the 16th Infantry, located its left flank, and, walking in front of the lines, encouraged the troops by his example of fearlessness and disregard of danger. He then succeeded in finding the right forward elements of the 26th Infantry and directed the linking up of the two regiments, thereby enabling the operations to be pushed forward successfully.[8]
On August 16, 1918, Hines assumed command of the 4th Division.[9] He commanded the division during the American operations at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne until October 11, 1918.[1][9] Hines then took command of III Corps, leading it during the final engagements of the war and the occupation of the Rhineland. For his service during the war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Regimental, Brigade, Division, and Corps Commander, General Hines displayed marked ability in each of the important duties with which he was entrusted and exhibited in the operations near Montdidier and Soissons, and in the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives his high attainments as a soldier and commander.[8]
Post war
[edit]Hines was promoted to permanent major general in March 1921. His post-war commands included the 5th Division, the 2nd Division and the VIII Corps Area.[1]
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In December 1922, Hines was assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and became Chief of Staff of the United States Army on September 14, 1924.[4] His army biography states that as chief of staff, he "stressed the need for balance in funding and personnel for all parts of the permanent establishment, pointed up the effects of strength deficiencies upon Army capability to meet the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1920, and urged action on housing and promotions to promote personnel retention."[10]
On May 7, 1925, Hines dedicated the landing field at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington, to the memory of Lieutenant Alexander Pearson Jr., who was killed on September 2, 1924, in Fairfield, Ohio while flying the Curtiss R-8 in preparation for the upcoming Pulitzer Trophy Race.[11]
In 1926, after completing his tour as Army Chief of Staff, Hines took command of the IX Corps Area in California, which he led until 1930. In 1930, Hines became commanding general of the Philippine Department.
Retirement
[edit]Hines retired in May 1932.[4] He was promoted to the rank of full (4 star) general on the retired list by a Special Act of Congress on June 15, 1940.[12]
Hines died in Washington, D.C., at Walter Reed Army Medical Center at age 100. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[1] As of 2006[update], Hines is one of only two American generals to have celebrated their 100th birthdays, the other being James Van Fleet.
Family and legacy
[edit]On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the Distinguished Soldiers stamps in which Hines was honored.[7]
Hines' son, Colonel John L. Hines Jr. (1905–1986), served in World War II with the 6th Armored Division, commanding the division's Combat Command A from November 1944 to March 1945. He was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and was severely wounded outside Frankfurt, Germany when an 88 mm antitank shell grazed his face.[13]
Dates of rank
[edit]Note that the date indicated is the date of rank. In some cases, the promotion was accepted at a later date.[14]
Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
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No pin insignia in 1891 | Second Lieutenant | Regular Army | June 12, 1891 |
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First Lieutenant | Regular Army | April 26, 1898 |
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Captain | Regular Army | December 5, 1900 |
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Major | Regular Army | May 23, 1912 |
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Lieutenant Colonel | Regular Army | May 15, 1917 |
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Colonel | Temporary | August 5, 1917 |
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Brigadier General | National Army | April 12, 1918 |
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Major General | National Army | August 8, 1918 |
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Brigadier General | Regular Army | November 30, 1918 |
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Major General | Regular Army | July 1, 1920 |
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Major General | Retired list | May 31, 1932 |
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General | Retired list | June 15, 1940 |
Awards and decorations
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Distinguished Service Cross[15] | Army Distinguished Service Medal[15] | Silver Star[15] |
Spanish Campaign Medal | Army of Cuban Occupation Medal | Philippine Campaign Medal | Mexican Service Medal |
World War I Victory Medal | Army of Occupation of Germany Medal | Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom) | Commandeur Légion d'honneur (France) |
Croix de guerre with bronze palm (France) | Commander Order of Leopold (Belgium) | Knight of the Order of the Crown (Italy) | Medal of Solidarity, 1918 (Panama) |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f GO 56 General Orders No. 56 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. Secretary of the Army. 2010-05-24. URL:http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf. Accessed: 2010-05-24. (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pxVjovrV?url=http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf Archived 2009-08-11 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 128.
- ^ a b Venzon 2013, p. 281.
- ^ a b c Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
- ^ West Virginia history, Volume 38, West Virginia. Dept. of Archives and History, 1976, p. 227
- ^ Venzon 2013, p. 281–282.
- ^ a b United States Postal Service – USA Philatelic. Distinguished Soldiers (2000). Beyond the Perf – Issue 12. 2010-05-24. URL:http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 2010-05-24. (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pxOvSj8I?url=http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries )
- ^ a b "Valor awards for John Leonard Hines". Military Times.
- ^ a b Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 281.
- ^ Bell, William Gardner (2005). "John Leonard Hines". Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 116–117. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ Alley, William (2006). Pearson Field. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-7385-3129-4.
- ^ Davis 1998, p. 181.
- ^ George Smith Patton; Paul Donal Harkins (May 8, 1995). War as I knew it. Mariner Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-395-73529-7.
- ^ Official Army Register. January 1, 1941. The Office of the Adjutant General. Washington, D.C. 1941. pg. 1084.
- ^ a b c "Valor awards for John Leonard Hines, Sr".
Bibliography
[edit]- Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- Zabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.
- Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. OCLC 865332376.
- Coffman, Edward M. (1998). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-0955-8.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- 1868 births
- 1968 deaths
- 19th-century United States Army personnel
- United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
- United States Army Chiefs of Staff
- American people of Irish descent
- American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
- American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
- United States Army generals of World War I
- United States Army generals
- United States Military Academy alumni
- Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
- Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
- Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
- Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
- Commanders of the Legion of Honour
- Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
- American men centenarians
- People from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia
- Military personnel from West Virginia