European Green Party
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European Green Party | |
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Abbreviation | EGP |
President | |
Secretary-General | Benedetta De Marte (IT) |
Founded | 21 February 2004 |
Preceded by | European Federation of Green Parties |
Headquarters | Rue du Taciturne 34, 1000 Brussels, Belgium |
Think tank | Green European Foundation |
Youth wing | Young European Greens |
Ideology | Green politics[1] Pro-Europeanism |
Political position | Centre-left to left-wing |
European Parliament group | Greens–European Free Alliance |
International affiliation | Global Greens |
Colours | Green |
European Parliament | 40 / 720 |
European Council | 0 / 27 |
European Commission | 1 / 27 |
Website | |
europeangreens | |
Part of a series on |
Green politics |
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The European Green Party (EGP), also referred to as European Greens, is a transnational, European political party representing national parties from across Europe who share Green values.
The European Greens works closely with the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European Parliament which is formed by elected Green party members along with the European Free Alliance, European Pirate Party and Volt Europa. The European Greens' partners include its youth wing the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG), the Green European Foundation (GEF) and the Global Greens family.
Green parties are in government in seven countries in Europe: Austria (The Greens), Belgium (Groen and Ecolo), Bulgaria (Green Movement), Germany (Alliance 90/The Greens), the Republic of Ireland (Green Party), Latvia (The Progressives) and Montenegro (United Reform Action), Poland, (Zieloni/Civic Coalition) Spain (Catalunya en Comú / Sumar).
Ideology and positions
[edit]The European Greens have committed themselves to the basic tenets of Green politics as seen across Western Europe, namely environmental responsibility, climate action, individual freedom, inclusive democracy, diversity, social justice, gender equality, global sustainable development and non-violence.[2][3]
The European Greens was the first party to form out of various national movements to become a European entity, committed to the integration of Europe.[4][5] The party aims to amplify the views of member parties by having common policy positions, mutual election manifestos, and cohesive European election campaigns. The European Greens also has networks which brings Green politicians together, such as the Local Councillors Network.[6][7]
Charter
[edit]According to its charter,[8] the European Greens is working towards a just and sustainable transition towards societies "respectful of human rights and built upon the values of environmental responsibility, freedom, justice, diversity and non-violence". The charter’s guiding principles provide a framework for the political actions taken by member parties.
The priorities outlined in the charter include protecting human health and wellbeing, maintaining biological diversity, combatting global warming, transitioning to a just and sustainable economy, strengthening inclusive democracies, safeguarding diversity, and ensuring social justice.
History
[edit]![]() | This section may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (May 2024) |
Green politics in Europe emerged from several grassroots political movements, including the peace movements, the ecology movement and movements for women's rights.[9]
The Anti-nuclear movement in Germany first had political expression as Vereinigung Die Grünen, which formed in March 1979, and established itself as a party for the European Parliament in January 1980.[10][11][12] Similarly, activists in Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament would eventually form the Ecology Party.[13][14][15] However, it also brought in ecological movements, which had become active across Western European nations in the 1970s.[2][16] Environmental groups became especially political after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, which strengthened groups such as the Italian Green Party.[17] In the Netherlands, feminists dominated GroenLinks party.[9] Elements of all these national parties would go on to form the European Green Party.
Representatives from these and other parties sat in the European Parliament after the 1984 European Parliament election.[18] The following 11 members of this grouping, which was briefly known as the Rainbow Group, came from parties which went on to be part of the European Greens:[18]
- 1 Agalev MEP and 1 Ecolo MEP from Belgium
- 1 Pacifist Socialist MEP and 1 Radicals MEP from the Netherlands
- 7 Grünen MEPs from German
The European Green Party itself was officially founded at the 4th Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties on 20–22 February 2004 in Rome.[19] At the convention, 32 Green parties from across Europe joined this new pan-European party.[6][20] As such, the European Greens became a trans-national party, and the very first European political party.[21][20]
In the 2004 European Parliament election, member parties won 35 Seats and the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 43 in total.[22]
In the 2009 European Parliament election, even though the European Parliament was reduced in size, the European Greens' member parties won 46 seats, the best result of the Green Parties in 30 years. The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 55 seats in total.[23]
In the 2014 European Parliament election the Green candidates were José Bové and Ska Keller. These elections marked the first time there were primaries including Spitzenkandidaten] at the European elections, which allows Europeans to not only vote for who should represent them in the European Parliament, but also help to decide who should lead the European Commission. In May they presented a common programme including the Green New Deal at the launch of the European Greens' campaign which called for "a new direction of economic policy aimed at reducing our carbon footprint and improving our quality of life". The slogan of the campaign was 'Change Europe, vote Green'.[24] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 50 seats in total.[25]
The candidates for the 2019 European Parliament election were Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout, who campaigned for climate protection, a social Europe, more democracy and stronger rule of law.[26] That year, the Greens made the strongest ever showing across Europe,[27] in part due to rising public awareness about climate change[28] and the impact of youth movements for climate. The strongest surge was in Germany as Alliance 90/The Greens replaced the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany as the second-strongest party.[29] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 74 seats in total.[30] The Greens' results signified a new balance of power[31] as the European People's Party (EPP) and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) lost their majority.
By 2023, The Economist analysed that "the policies espoused by environmentalists sit squarely at the centre of today’s political agenda".[32]
Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout were elected by the European Greens to be lead candidates for the 2024 European Parliament election. The campaign ran under the slogan "Choose Courage". .[33] They were elected by more than 300 delegates at an Extended Congress in Lyon, France in February 2024. The campaign is focused on a Green and Social Deal, and the fight against the rise of the Far Right in Europe.
At the 2024 Maastricht Debate, organised by Politico and the University of Maastricht, European Green top candidate Bas Eickhout asked directly to Ursula von der Leyen, top candidate of the European People's Party, what her position was towards the far right in Europe, European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) and Identity and Democracy. Von der Leyen told the audience that a collaboration with the ECR “depends very much on how the composition of the Parliament is, and who is in what group.” [34]
Numerous analyses in European quality media consider this as a win for the Greens [35] the turning point of the 2024 election campaign.[36] The European Greens criticised heavily that von der Leyen, as incumbent president of the European Commission and lead candidate for the EPP, opened the door to collaboration with the far-right.
Organisational structure
[edit]The European Green Party is a European political party, constituted out of political parties from European countries. Parties can also become associate members. Members of the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament not belonging to a member party can be admitted as a special member with speaking rights but no vote.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alice_Bah_Kuhnke_2014-12-17_001.jpg/110px-Alice_Bah_Kuhnke_2014-12-17_001.jpg)
The governing bodies of the EGP are the Council and the Committee.[37]
- The Council takes place twice a year and is the main decision-making body of the European Greens and consists of delegates of member parties. During Councils, delegates from European Greens parties set a common political direction, linked to the development of the European project and its values. They do so by debating and vote on resolutions on key issues in Europe. Delegates are allotted based on their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates. consists of delegates of member parties. These are allotted on the basis of their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates.[38]
- The Committee consists of nine members, including two Co-Chairs (one man and one woman), a Secretary General and a Treasurer. They are responsible for daily political affairs, execution of the Council's decisions and the activities of the EGP office and staff. Co-Chairs Thomas Waitz and Mélanie Vogel, Secretary General Benedetta De Marte, Treasurer Ute Michel, and Committee Members Vula Tsetsi, Sibylle Steffan, Małgorzata Tracz, Rasmus Nordqvist and Mina Jack Tolu were elected at the 35th European Green Party in Riga, Latvia. The EGP has had several Co-Chairs.
Co-chairs of the European Greens
[edit]Mandate | Co-chairs | Member party | Years | Secretary General | Council election |
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May 2022 – | ![]() |
EELV | 05/2022 – present | ![]() |
Riga, ![]() |
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Die Grünen | 05/2022 – present | |||
Nov 2019 – May 2022 | ![]() |
Ecolo | 11/2019 – 05/2022 | ![]() |
Tampere, ![]() |
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Die Grünen | 11/2019 – 05/2022 | |||
Nov 2015 – Nov 2019 | ![]() |
Federazione dei Verdi | 11/2015 – 11/2019 | ![]() |
Lyon, ![]() |
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Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen | 11/2015 – 11/2019 | |||
Nov 2012 – Nov 2015 | ![]() |
Federazione dei Verdi | 11/2012 – 11/2015 | ![]()
|
Athens, ![]() |
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Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen | 11/2012 – 11/2015 | |||
Oct 2009 – Nov 2012 | ![]() |
Federazione dei Verdi | 10/2009 – 11/2012 | ![]() |
Malmö, ![]() |
![]() |
Ecolo | 10/2009 – 11/2012 | |||
May 2006 – Oct 2009 | ![]() |
Die Grünen | 05/2006 – 10/2009 | ![]() |
Helsinki, ![]() |
![]() |
Ecolo | 05/2006 – 10/2009 | |||
May 2003 – May 2006 | ![]() |
Federazione dei Verdi | 05/2003 – 05/2006 | ![]() |
Saint Andrews, ![]() |
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Vihreä Liitto | 05/2003 – 05/2006 |
- The Congress is an enlarged meeting of the Council which is convened by the Council at least once every 5 years and hosts more delegates.
Networks
[edit]The EGP hosts a collection of networks that have specific special interest focus, including:[39]
- Balkan Network
- Mediterranean Network
- Gender Network
- European Queer Greens
- Local Councillors Networks
- European Green Disability Network
- European Network of Green Seniors
Partnerships
[edit]- Federation of Young European Greens
- Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament
- Global Greens
- Green European Foundation
Membership
[edit]![]() | This section needs to be updated.(May 2024) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/European_Greens_-_countries_with_member_and_candidate_parties.svg/220px-European_Greens_-_countries_with_member_and_candidate_parties.svg.png)
Full members
[edit]Country | Name | MEPs[a] | National MPs | Government status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Green Party of Albania | Not in EU | 0 / 140 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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The Greens – The Green Alternative | 3 / 18 |
26 / 183 |
Government | |
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Groen | 1 / 12 [b] |
8 / 102 [c] |
Government |
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Ecolo | 2 / 9 [d] |
13 / 63 [e] |
Government | |
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Green Movement | 0 / 17 |
0 / 240 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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We Can! | 1 / 12 |
10 / 151 |
Opposition | |
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Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation | 0 / 6 |
2 / 56 |
Opposition | |
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Green Party | 0 / 22 |
0 / 200 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green Left | 2 / 13 |
15 / 179 |
Opposition | |
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Estonian Greens | 0 / 7 |
0 / 101 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green League | 3 / 14 |
13 / 200 |
Opposition | |
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Europe Ecology – The Greens | 11 / 74 |
16 / 577 |
Opposition | |
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Greens Party of Georgia | Not in EU | 0 / 150 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Alliance 90/The Greens | 21 / 96 |
118 / 736 |
Government | |
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Ecologist Greens | 0 / 21 |
0 / 300 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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LMP – Hungary's Green Party (suspended)[40] |
0 / 21 |
5 / 199 |
Opposition | |
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Green Party[f] | 2 / 13 |
12 / 160 |
Government | |
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Green Europe | 4 / 76 |
6 / 400 |
Opposition | |
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Greens | 0 / 76 |
0 / 400 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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The Progressives | 0 / 8 |
10 / 100 |
Government | |
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Union of Democrats "For Lithuania" | 0 / 11 |
16 / 141 |
Opposition | |
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The Greens | 1 / 6 |
4 / 60 |
Opposition | |
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AD+PD | 0 / 6 |
0 / 79 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Ecologist Green Party | Not in EU | 0 / 101 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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United Reform Action | Not in EU | 4 / 81 |
Opposition | |
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GroenLinks | 3 / 26 |
13 / 150 |
Opposition | |
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Democratic Renewal of Macedonia | Not in EU | 1 / 120 |
Confidence and supply | |
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Green Party | Not in EU | 3 / 169 |
Opposition | |
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The Greens | 1 / 51 |
3 / 460 |
Government | |
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LIVRE | 0 / 21 |
4 / 230 |
Opposition | |
Ecologist Party "The Greens" | 0 / 21 |
0 / 230 |
Extra-parliamentary | ||
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Green Party | 0 / 32 |
0 / 330 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Youth Party – European Greens | 0 / 8 |
0 / 90 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Greens Equo | 0 / 54 |
0 / 350 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green Left | 1 / 54 [g] |
2 / 48 [h] |
Government | |
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Green Party | 3 / 20 |
18 / 349 |
Opposition | |
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Green Party of Switzerland | Not in EU | 28 / 200 |
Opposition | |
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Party of Greens of Ukraine | Not in EU | 0 / 450 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green Party of England and Wales | Not in EU | 4 / 573 [i] |
Opposition |
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Scottish Greens | 0 / 59 [j] |
Extra-parliamentary | ||
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Green Party in Northern Ireland [k] | 0 / 18 [l] |
Extra-parliamentary | ||
sources[41] |
Associate members
[edit]Country | Name | MEPs | National MPs | Government status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Azerbaijan Green Party | Not in EU | 0 / 125 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green Alternative – Sustainable Development of Croatia | 0 / 11 |
0 / 151 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Sustainable Initiative | 0 / 13 |
0 / 1 [m] |
Extra-parliamentary |
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Dialogue – The Greens' Party | 0 / 21 |
6 / 199 |
Opposition | |
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People-Animals-Nature | 0 / 21 |
1 / 230 |
Opposition | |
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Union of Greens of Russia | Not in EU | 0 / 450 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Vesna – Green Party | 0 / 8 |
0 / 90 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
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Catalunya en Comú | 1 / 59 [g] |
5 / 48 [h] |
Government |
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Green Left Party | Not in EU | 57 / 600 |
Opposition | |
sources[41] |
Former members
[edit]Country | Year left | Name | MEPs (current) | National MPs (current) |
---|---|---|---|---|
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2023 | Belarusian Green Party | n/a – defunct | |
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2012 | De Grønne | n/a – defunct | |
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2015 | Green Left | n/a – defunct | |
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2019 | Latvian Green Party | – | 4 / 100
|
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2017 | The Greens | – | - |
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2016[n] | Green Alternative | Not in EU | - |
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2012 | Confederation of the Greens | – |
Electoral standing and political representation
[edit]![]() | This article needs to be updated.(August 2020) |
The table below shows the results of the Greens in each election to the European Parliament, in terms of seats and votes. It also shows how many European Commissioners the European Greens have, and who led the parliamentary group. It also lists how the Green parliamentary group and supra-national organisations was named and what European parliamentary group they joined.[42]
Year | MEPs | MEPs % | Votes % | EC | Leaders | EP Subgroup | EP group | Organization |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | 0 | none | none | none | Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties |
1984 | 11 | 2.5% | 4.2% | 0 | Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (1984–86) Bram van der Lek (1984–86) Brigitte Heinrich (1986) François Roelants du Vivier (1986) Frank Schwalba-Hoth (1986–87) Paul Staes (1987–88) Wilfried Telkämper (1987–89) |
Green Alternative European Link | Rainbow Group | European Green Coordination |
1989 | 25 | 4.8% | 7.4% | 0 | Maria Amelia Santos (1989–90) Alexander Langer (1990) Adelaide Aglietta (1990–94) Paul Lannoye (1990–94) |
Green Group in the European Parliament | European Green Coordination | |
1994 | 21 | 3.7% | 7.4% | 0 | Claudia Roth (1994–98), Alexander Langer (1994–95), Magda Aelvoet (1997–99) |
Green Group in the European Parliament | European Federation of Green Parties | |
1999 | 38 | 6.1% | 7.7% | 1[o] | Heidi Hautala (1999–2002), Paul Lannoye (1999–2002), Monica Frassoni (2002–04), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2002–04) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Federation of Green Parties |
2004 | 35 | 4.8% | 7.3% | 0 | Monica Frassoni (2004–09), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2004–09) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
2009 | 48[p] | 6.2% | 7.3% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2009–14), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2009–14) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
2014 | 50[43][q] | 6.7% | 7.3% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2014–2016), Ska Keller (2017– ), Philippe Lamberts (2014– ) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
2019 | 67 | 11.4% | 10.0% | 0 | Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout | European Greens | Greens-EFA | European Green Party |
Current electoral standing
[edit]Country | Name | Votes | Total | Last EU election | Votes | Total | Last national election |
Government status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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The Greens – The Green Alternative | 532,193 | 3,834,662 | 14.1% | 664,055 | 4,835,469 | 13.9% | Government | |
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Groen | 525,908 | 6,732,157 | 7.8% | 413,836 | 6,780,538 | 6.1% | Government |
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Ecolo | 492,330 | 7.2% | 416,452 | 6.1% | Government | |||
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The Greens | EPP | 2,015,320 | 6.1%[44] | EPP | 2,658,548 | 6.3%[44] | Opposition | |
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We Can! | 44,670 | 764,089 | 5.9% | 193,051 | 2,180,411 | 9.1% | Opposition | |
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Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation | 9,232 | 280,935 | 3.3%[45] | 15,762 | 357,712 | 4.4% | Opposition | |
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Green Party | 0 | 2,370,765 | did not compete | 53,343 | 5,375,090 | 1.0% | Extra-parliamentary | |
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Socialist People's Party | 364,895 | 2.758.855 | 13.2% | 272,304 | 3,569,521 | 7.7% | Confidence and supply | |
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Estonian Greens | 5,824 | 332,104 | 1.8% | 10,226 | 561,131 | 1.8% | Extra-parliamentary | |
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Green League | 292,892 | 1,830,045 | 16.0% | 354,194 | 3,081,916 | 11.5% | Government | |
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Europe Ecology – The Greens | 3,055,023 | 22,654,164 | 13.5% | 973,527 | 22,655,174 | 4.3% | Opposition | |
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Alliance 90/The Greens | 7,677,071 | 37,396,889 | 20.5% | 6,852,206 | 46,442,023 | 14.8% | Government | |
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Ecologist Greens | 49,099 | 5,656,122 | 0.9% | 0 | 5,769,542 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
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LMP – Hungary's Green Party | 75,498 | 3,470,257 | 2.2% | 404,429 | 5,732,283 | 7.1% | Opposition | |
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Green Party[r] | 190,755 | 1,678,003 | 11.4% | 155,695 | 2,183,489 | 7.1% | Government | |
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Green Europe | 621,492 | 26,783,732 | 2.3% | 1.071.663 | 29,172,085 | 3.6% | Opposition | |
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Extra-parliamentary | ||||||||
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The Greens | 39.535 | 217,086 | 18.9% | 32.177 | 216,177 | 15.1% | Government | |
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AD+PD | 7,142 | 260,212 | did not compete | 0 | 310,665 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
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GroenLinks | 599,283 | 5,497,813 | 10.9% | 1.643.073 | 10,432,726 | 15.75%[46] | TBD (Election) | |
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The Greens | EPP | 13,647,311 | 38.5%[47] | EPP | 18,470,710 | 27.4%[48] | Opposition | |
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Ecologist Party "The Greens" | LEFT | 3,314,414 | 6.9%[49] | LEFT | 5,340,890 | 6.3%[49] | Opposition | |
LIVRE | 60,575 | 3,084,505 | 1.8%[50] | 5,417,715 | 71,232 | 1.3%[51] | |||
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Green Party | 0 | 9,069,822 | did not compete | 23,085 | 5,908,331 | 0.4% | Extra-parliamentary | |
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Youth Party – European Greens | 0 | 482,075 | did not compete | 0 | 891,097 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
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Equo | 0 | 22,426,066 | did not compete | 582,306 | 24,258,228 | 2.4% | Confidence and supply | |
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Esquerra Verda[s] | LEFT | Run with UP[52] | 0 | did not compete | Government | |||
Catalunya en Comú | LEFT | Run with UP[52] | LEFT | Run with UP | Government | ||||
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Green Party | 478,258 | 4,151,470 | 11.5% | 285,899 | 6,535,271 | 4.4% | Government | |
European Greens | 15,061,100 | 177,624,368 | 8.48% | 12,240,131 | 214,300,854 | 5.71% |
Current political representation in European institutions
[edit]Organisation | Institution | Number of seats |
---|---|---|
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European Parliament | 40 / 720
|
European Commission | 1 / 27
| |
European Council (Heads of Government) |
0 / 27
| |
Council of the European Union (Participation in Government) |
8 / 27
| |
Committee of the Regions | ||
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Parliamentary Assembly | 3 / 306
|
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The number of MEPs listed below may not match the total number of MEPs of the European party, as it does not include MEPs who join as individual members.
- ^ Dutch-speaking electoral college
- ^ Flemish seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ^ All seats for the French and German-speaking electoral colleges.
- ^ All seats for French and German-speaking Communities in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
- ^ a b Ernest Urtasun is member of both Catalunya en Comú and Green Left.
- ^ a b Catalan seats in the Congress of Deputies; two Catalunya en Comú deputies are also members of Green Left.
- ^ English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons.
- ^ Scottish seats in the House of Commons (the party has 7 seats in the devolved Scottish Parliament).
- ^ It does not have separate membership in the EGP because it is a part of the Irish Green Party.
- ^ Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons.
- ^ Ålandic seats in the Parliament of Finland.
- ^ Full member from 1994 to 2016. Downgraded to associate member in 2016.
- ^ Michaele Schreyer for Alliance '90/The Greens
- ^ includes 6 independent MEPs elected for the Europe Écologie group
- ^ Includes 14 MEPs, from 8 countries, NOT affiliated with EGP member parties.
- ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
- ^ Esquerra Verda is member party of Catalunya en Comú.
References
[edit]- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ a b Tatiana, Rovinskaya (2015). "Greens in Europe: Incremental Growth". World Economy and International Relations. 59 (12): 58–71. doi:10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-58-71. ISSN 0131-2227.
- ^ Henley, Jon; correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (28 May 2019). "European elections: triumphant Greens demand more radical climate action". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
{{cite news}}
:|last2=
has generic name (help) - ^ Keating, Joshua (3 June 2019). "An Answer to Climate Change—and the Far Right". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Heyman, Taylor (17 September 2019). "Green wave could change the balance of power in European Parliament". The National. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ a b "About". European Greens. 9 May 2023.
- ^ "Join Local Councillors Network". Local Councillors Network.
- ^ Archived 20 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Fücks, Ralf, ed. (2008). Green identity in a changing Europe. Brussels: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (published October 2008).
- ^ Franceschini, Georgio (2024). Kühn, Ulrich (ed.). Germany and nuclear weapons in the 21st century: atomic Zeitenwende?. Routledge global security studies. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-032-37639-4.
- ^ Zelko, Frank; Brinkmann, Carolin, eds. (2006). Green Parties: reflections on the first three decades. Heinrich Böll Foundation North America.
- ^ "The History of Alliance 90/The Greens | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". www.boell.de. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ Haq, Gary; Paul, Alistair (1 March 2013). Environmentalism since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-63654-7.
- ^ "The big divide: is ideology holding back greens from embracing nuclear power?". theecologist.org. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ Wall, Derek (1994). Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: an illustrated history of the UK Green Party [published March 1994 to mark the 21st anniversary of the party]. Green Party. ISBN 1-873557-08-6.
- ^ "Ideas, actors and political practices in the environmental history of Europe | EHNE". ehne.fr. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Nuclear Power, No Thanks! The Aftermath of Chernobyl in Italy and the Nuclear Power Referendum of 1987". Environment & Society Portal. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
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- ^ "European Greens Found European Greens – DW – 02/23/2004". dw.com. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ a b HENDRICK, Annette (August 2014). European Green Party 1981-2009 (PDF). Etopia (published 2014).
- ^ "Bittersweet victories: The European Greens and the elections of 2021 | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office - European Union". eu.boell.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
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- ^ "Greens present 'Green New Deal' at campaign convention". 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Results of the 2014 European elections - European Parliament".
- ^ Henley, Jon (26 May 2019). "Greens surge as parties make strongest ever showing across Europe". The Guardian.
- ^ Henley, Jon (26 May 2019). "Greens surge as parties make strongest ever showing across Europe". The Guardian.
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has generic name (help) - ^ "Statutes of the European Green Party" (PDF). europeangreens.eu. 20 May 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "EGP Rule Book" (PDF). europeangreens.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Networks". European Greens. 27 September 2023.
- ^ "European Green Party supports Budapest mayor Gergely Karácsony". European Green Party. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Adopted Annex B - EGP Membership List - 37th EGP EoCongress, Vienna 3 June 2023" (PDF). European Greens. European Green Party. p. 24. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Directory". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ "Results of the 2014 European elections – European Parliament". results-elections2014.eu. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ^ a b In a coalition with Yes, Bulgaria! and Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria as Democratic Bulgaria
- ^ with SYPOL
- ^ As part of the GreenLeft-Labour alliance.
- ^ Parties included in the coalition are the Democratic Left Alliance (since 16 February), The Greens (since 17 February), Now! (since 18 February), Civic Platform (since 21 February), Modern, Democratic Party (since 22 February), Polish People's Party, Union of European Democrats (since 23 February), Social Democracy of Poland (since 2 March), Liberty and Equality (since 3 March), League of Polish Families (since 11 March) and Feminist Initiative (since 15 March). The Coalition also gained the support from Barbara Nowacka and her movement, the Polish Initiative and civic organisation Committee for the Defence of Democracy. The Coalition came in second place in the 2019 European Parliament election with 38.5% of the vote, returning 22 MEPs.
- ^ The party participate in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election as part of the Civic Coalition.
- ^ a b These are the results for Unitary Democratic Coalition.
- ^ "2019 European Parliament election in Portugal", Wikipedia, 12 June 2023, retrieved 19 October 2023
- ^ "2022 Portuguese legislative election", Wikipedia, 8 August 2023, retrieved 19 October 2023
- ^ a b On 2 July 2020, former ICV members announced the founding of a new party and that it would be part of the En Comú Podem, with David Cid, Marta Ribas and Ernest Urtasun being members of the new party.
External links
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