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James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

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The Marquess of Salisbury
Leader of the House of Lords
In office
27 April 1925 – 4 June 1929
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterStanley Baldwin
Preceded byThe Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
Succeeded byThe Lord Parmoor
Other ministerial offices
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
In office
6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterStanley Baldwin
Preceded byJohn Robert Clynes
Succeeded byJames Henry Thomas
In office
17 October 1903 – 4 December 1905
MonarchEdward VII
Prime MinisterThe Marquess of Salisbury (his father)
Arthur Balfour
Preceded byArthur Balfour
Succeeded byThe Marquess of Ripon
Lord President of the Council
In office
24 October 1922 – 22 January 1924
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterBonar Law
Stanley Baldwin
Preceded byArthur Balfour
Succeeded byThe Lord Parmoor
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
24 October 1922 – 25 May 1923
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterBonar Law
Stanley Baldwin
Preceded bySir William Sutherland
Succeeded byJ. C. C. Davidson
President of the Board of Trade
In office
12 March 1905 – 4 December 1905
MonarchEdward VII
Prime MinisterArthur Balfour
Preceded byGerald Balfour
Succeeded byDavid Lloyd George
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office
12 November 1900 – 9 October 1903
MonarchsVictoria
Edward VII
Prime MinisterThe Marquess of Salisbury
Arthur Balfour
Preceded byThe Earl Midleton
Succeeded byThe Earl Percy
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office
22 August 1903 – 4 April 1947
Hereditary peerage
Preceded byThe 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded byThe 5th Marquess of Salisbury
Member of Parliament
for Rochester
In office
8 February 1893 – 22 August 1903
Preceded byHoratio Davies
Succeeded byCharles Tuff
Member of Parliament
for Darwen
In office
18 December 1885 – 26 July 1892
Preceded byConstituency created
Succeeded bySir Charles Huntington
Personal details
Born(1861-10-23)23 October 1861
London, United Kingdom
Died4 April 1947(1947-04-04) (aged 85)
London, United Kingdom
Political partyConservative
Spouse(s)Lady Cicely Gore
(1867–1955)
Children
Parents
Alma materUniversity College, Oxford

James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, CB, PC (23 October 1861 – 4 April 1947), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1868 to 1903, was a British statesman.

Background and education

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Born in London, Salisbury was the eldest son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury,[1] who served as British Prime Minister, by his wife Georgina (née Alderson). The Right Reverend Lord William Cecil, Lord Cecil of Chelwood and Lord Quickswood were his younger brothers, and Prime Minister Arthur Balfour his first cousin.[2] He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1885.

Political career

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He started public life early, being of a very young age when he accompanied his father to the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference and a year later to the Congress of Berlin.[3]

Lord Cranborne sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Darwen, then called North-East Lancashire, from 1885 to 1892.[3] He lost his seat at the general election of the latter year. He was elected for Rochester at a by-election in 1893, continuing as MP there until 1903,[3] when he succeeded his father and was elevated to the House of Lords.[2]

On 29 October 1892, Lord Cranborne was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, (formerly the Hertfordshire Militia) of which his father was Honorary Colonel.[4] Cranborne was in command when the battalion saw active service in South Africa from March to November 1900, during the Second Boer War. The battalion, numbering 24 officers and 483 men, left Queenstown on 27 February in the transport Goorkha, with Lord Cranborne as the senior officer in command,[5] arriving in Cape Town the following month. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) for his service during the war. In July 1902 he received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Hertford in recognition of his service during the war.[6][7] He was still in command of the battalion on the outbreak of World War I.[4] He was also Colonel of the wartime Hertfordshire Volunteer Regiment and Hon Col of the 4th Battalion, Essex Regiment, of the Territorial Force.[2][4] Lord Salisbury was ADC to Edward VII, and George V until 1929.[2]

He served under his father and then his cousin Arthur Balfour as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1900[3] to 1903, under Balfour as Lord Privy Seal from 1903 to 1905, and as Lord President of the Board of Trade in 1905.[8][9] In 1903 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In December 1908, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Hertfordshire.[10] From 1906, following his uncle, he served as Chairman of the Canterbury House of Laymen.[2]

Salisbury played a leading role in opposing David Lloyd George's People's Budget and the Parliament Bill of 1911. He commanded the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division in the UK from September 1915 to December 1916.[11] He continued as a committed and eager member of the Territorial Army: he was Honorary Colonel of 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and of 48th (South Midland) Divisional Engineers.[2][4]

In 1917 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He returned to the government in the 1920s and served under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1922 to 1923, as Lord President of the Council from 1922 to 1924, as Lord Privy Seal from 1924 to 1929 and as Leader of the House of Lords from 1925 to 1929[3] in successive Conservative governments of Bonar Law and Baldwin.[2] He resigned as leader of the Conservative peers in June 1931[12] and became one of the most prominent opponents of Indian Home Rule in the Lords, supporting the campaign waged in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill against the Home Rule legislation.[13]

Salisbury was part of two parliamentary deputations which called on the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, in the autumn of 1936 to remonstrate with them about the slow pace of British rearmament in the face of the growing threat from Nazi Germany. The delegation was led by Sir Austen Chamberlain, a former Foreign Secretary and its most prominent speakers included Winston Churchill, Leo Amery and Roger Keyes. The Marquess of Salisbury was Lord High Steward at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937.[14]

Marriage and children

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Lord Salisbury married Lady Cicely Alice Gore (born 15 July 1867, died 5 February 1955), second daughter of Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, on 17 May 1887 at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster.[2][1] Between 1907 and 1910 she served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra; additionally she was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, and as a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire.[15]

The couple had four children:[2]

Lord Salisbury died in April 1947, at 85, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert. The Marchioness of Salisbury died in February 1955.[2]

He was the grandfather of actor Jonathan Cecil by his youngest son, David.

Ancestry

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Marriage of Viscount Cranborne". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. British Newspaper Archive. 18 May 1887. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th Edn, 1999: 'Salisbury'.
  3. ^ a b c d e "MARQUESS OF SALISBURY DEATH OF GREAT FIGURE". Western Morning News. British Newspaper Archive. 5 April 1947. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Army List.
  5. ^ "The War - The Militia". The Times. No. 36077. London. 28 February 1900. p. 6.
  6. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36812. London. 5 July 1902. p. 8.
  7. ^ Hay, Col. George Jackson (1905). An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force). London: United Service Gazette. pp. 286–289. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  8. ^ "THE PEER PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE". Western Times. British Newspaper Archive. 15 March 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  9. ^ "THE NEW MINISTRY AND THE OLD". Stamford Mercury. British Newspaper Archive. 29 December 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  10. ^ "No. 28211". The London Gazette. 1 January 1909. p. 33.
  11. ^ Becke, Archibald Frank (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions. H. M. Stationery Office. p. 33.
  12. ^ "LORD SALISBURY RETIRES FROM LEADERSHIP". Western Daily Press. British Newspaper Archive. 17 June 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  13. ^ McLynn, Frank (2012). The Road Not Taken How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381–1926. Random House. p. 576. ISBN 978-1446449356.
  14. ^ "No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
  15. ^ Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency Member of Parliament for Darwen
18851892
Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Rochester
18931903
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
1900–1903
Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1903–1905
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Board of Trade
1905
Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1922–1923
Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord President of the Council
1922–1924
Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1924–1929
Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the House of Lords
1925–1929
Succeeded by
Military offices
New title GOC 61st (2nd South Midland) Division
1915−1916
Succeeded by
Court offices
Vacant
Title last held by
The Viscount Hailsham
Lord High Steward
1937
Vacant
Title next held by
The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords
1925–1931
Succeeded by
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Marquess of Salisbury
1903–1947
Succeeded by
Peerage of England
Preceded by Baron Cecil
(descended by acceleration)

1903–1941
Succeeded by